Impact of agricultural landscape structure on energy flow and water cycling

Abstract

In long term studies the following climatological characteristics were measured or calculated: air and soil temperature, sunshine, wind speed, vapor pressure, saturation deficit, precipitation, humidity, incoming and reflected solar energy, energy emitted by active surfaces and primary production. Taking into account the relationships between climatological characteristics, the growth stages of vegetation, and relations between heat balance components, the fluxes of energy used for evapotranspiration, air, and soil heating were estimated in various ecosystems composing the agricultural landscape. The energy contained in biomass production of various crops was estimated also. Aggregate estimates of energy flow connected with evapotranspiration, and soil and air heating were calculated for eight model landscapes which differed by the plant cover structure. A higher variability of energy fluxes was observed for individual ecosystems than for agricultural landscapes. It was shown that the structure of the plant cover has an important bearing on energy flow and water cycling both by direct and indirect influences. Shelterbelts are especially important in their influence on energy flow and water cycling.

A review on the use of entropy in landscape ecology: heterogeneity, unpredictability, scale dependence and their links with thermodynamics

“…Measurements of energy fluxes at the landscape level, which requires an enormous recording infrastructure, have been reported in rare cases, such as in Ryszkowski and Kędziora (1987), but, to date, no study has provided a sufficient level of integrative results to evaluate the link between spatial heterogeneity at the landscape scale and entropy. Therefore, any statement specifying a link, direct or inverse, between spatial heterogeneity and thermodynamic entropy should be treated with caution.…”

Climate Governance and Development

“…The more intensive is the surface evaporation, the less energy remains for heating air (table 1). Bare soil uses five times more energy than forests or water bodies for air heating (Ryszkowski and Ke˛dziora 1987).…”

Urbanization Process and Variation of Energy Budget of Land Surfaces

“…The incoming long wave radiation (L) have been estimated from ten years average air temperature, applying the Stefan-Boltzmann law. In order to calculate the absorpivities of the solar radiation, it has been necessary to know the albedo of different surfaces; this values and the emissivities of different surfaces were derived from researches of different authors (Morgan et al, 1977;Ryszkowski and Kę dziora, 1987) and are indicated in Table 2.…”