“…In the transportation sector, performance evaluation using data envelopment analysis (DEA) is widely practiced because of the following advantages: (i) It does not require any knowledge about the production function, (ii) it does not require any prior information regarding the weights of inputs and outputs, and most importantly, (iii) it can handle multiple inputs and outputs simultaneously. The DEA is utilized to measure the relative efficiency of almost all transportation modes, including air transport (Adler et al, 2013;Huynh et al, 2020;Li et al, 2021), railways (Michali et al, 2021;Tomikawa & Goto, 2022;Yu & Lin, 2008), ports (Hsieh et al, 2021;Nguyen & Yu, 2020;Tovar & Wall, 2019), and road transport (Brons et al, 2005;Holvad et al, 2004;Li et al, 2023).…”