Impact of area deprivation on the cardiac mortality in the UK between1991 and 2010: evidence from a population-based longitudinal study

Abstract

Aims Evidence from longitudinal studies on the influence of area deprivation in cardiac mortality is limited. We aimed to examine the impact of area deprivation on cardiac mortality in a large representative Scottish population. We also examined differences between women and men. Methods and results Retrospective analysis was performed by using linked data from Scottish Longitudinal Study from 1991 to 2010. The main exposure variable was socioeconomic status using the Carstairs deprivation scores, a composite score of area-level factors. Cox proportional-hazards models were constructed to evaluate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for cardiac mortality and all-cause mortality associated with area-based deprivation. Subgroup analyses were stratified by sex. In a representative population of 217 965 UK adults, a total of 58 770 deaths occurred over a median of 10 years of follow-up period. The risk of cardiac mortality and all-cause mortality showed a consistent graded increased across the deprived groups. Compared to the least deprived group, the adjusted HR of cardiac mortality in the most deprived group was 1.27 (1.15–1.39, P < 0.000). There was strong evidence that women from more deprived areas had significantly higher cardiac death risk than those from the least deprived areas (HR 1.42, 95% CI 1.22–1.65), while this observation was not strong in men with same background. Conclusion Our study demonstrated area deprivation was the strong predictor of long-term cardiac mortality and all-cause mortality. The inequalities were substantially greater in women from more deprived areas than men from the same background.

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome Based on Activity Type and Dietary Habits in Extremely Low-Income Individuals

“…In this study, the prevalence of MS in both men and women in the BLS group was significantly higher than that in the non-BLS group. These results are consistent with those of previous studies [ 26 , 27 , 28 ]. A cross-sectional study conducted in China surveyed 3175 adults aged 45 years or older and found that the incidences of MS were 65.4% in those with an income of less than 2000 yuan and 3.0% in those with an income of more than 6000 yuan [ 26 ].…”

“…A cross-sectional study conducted in China surveyed 3175 adults aged 45 years or older and found that the incidences of MS were 65.4% in those with an income of less than 2000 yuan and 3.0% in those with an income of more than 6000 yuan [ 26 ]. In a 10-year longitudinal follow-up study in the United Kingdom, the lowest income group had a 1.27 times higher mortality risk (hazard ratio) due to heart disease than the highest income group and a 1.27 times higher risk ratio for all causes of mortality [ 27 , 28 ]. However, research on economic status and disease prevalence remains controversial.…”

Association of socioeconomic status with cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Eight studies (Deguen et al 2010 ; Gerber et al 2010 ; Blais et al 2012 ; Machón et al 2012 ; Thorne et al 2015 ; Floud et al 2016 ; Colantonio et al 2017 ; Jin et al 2021 ) assessed the effects of deprivation on CVD outcomes. To facilitate the analysis and comparison of other SES indicators, the low group was considered to have the highest deprivation index, that is, the lowest SES.…”