Impact of Arterial Hypertension on the Eye: A Review of the Pathogenesis, Diagnostic Methods, and Treatment of Hypertensive Retinopathy

Dziedziak, Jacek; Zaleska-Żmijewska, Anna; Szaflik, Jacek P.; Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska, Agnieszka

doi:10.12659/msm.935135

Cited by 41 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 139 publications

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“…The eye as "window" to the human body is representative for several systemic disorders. [24][25][26][27][28] Alveolar capillary occlusion is a characteristic symptom of COVID-19 which can lead in severe cases to respiratory failure as the blood oxygen uptake is limited. [18,51] Impaired microcirculation can be found in acute COVID-19 as well as in PCS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The eye as window to the human body can be used as “diagnostic window” for several systemic disorders. Diabetes [24, 25], arterial hypertension [26, 27] and several metabolic diseases [25, 28] show their first sign within the retina. The retinal capillary system represents the microcirculation in the whole human body; thus, retinal capillary disorders might represent the whole human microcirculation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Post-COVID-19 syndrome: retinal microcirculation as a potential marker for chronic fatigue

Schlick

Lucio

Bartsch

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Post-COVID-19 syndrome (PCS) summarizes persisting sequelae after infection with the severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). PCS can affect patients of all covid-19 disease severities. As previous studies revealed impaired blood flow as a provoking factor for triggering PCS, it was the aim of the present study to investigate a potential association of self-reported chronic fatigue and retinal microcirculation in patients with PCS, potentially indicating an objective biomarker. A prospective study was performed, including 201 subjects: 173 patients with PCS and 28 controls. Retinal microcirculation was visualized by OCT-Angiography (OCT-A) and quantified by the Erlangen-Angio-Tool as macula and peripapillary vessel density (VD). Chronic Fatigue (CF) was assessed with the variables Bell score, age and gender. The VD in the superficial vascular plexus (SVP), intermediate capillary plexus (ICP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP) were analyzed considering the repetitions (12 times). Taking in account of such repetitions a mixed model was performed to detect possible differences in the least square means between different groups of analysis. An age effect on VD was observed between patients and controls (p<0.0001). Gender analysis yielded that women with PCS showed lower VD levels in SVP compared to male patients (p=0.0015). The PCS patients showed significantly lower VD of ICP as compared to the controls (p=0.0001, [CI: 0.32; 1]). Moreover, considering PCS patients, the mixed model reveals a significant difference between chronic fatigue (CF) and without CF in VD of SVP (p=0.0033, [CI: -4.5; -0.92]). The model included age, gender and the variable Bell score, representing a subjective marker for CF. Consequently, the retinal microcirculation might be an objective biomarker in subjective-reported chronic fatigue of patients with PCS.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-COVID-19 syndrome: retinal microcirculation as a potential marker for chronic fatigue

Schlick

Lucio

Bartsch

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…Hypertensive retinopathy (HR), which refers to retinal microvascular signs which develop in response to elevated BP, predicts stroke, congestive heart failure (CHF), and CV mortality, independently of traditional risk factors [ 40 ]. Hypertensive retinal vascular signs can be classified into arteriolar changes (narrowing of the retinal arteriolar vessels due to vasospasm and increased vascular tone, arterio-venous crossing or nicking, and arteriolar wall opacification), and more advanced retinal lesions (microaneurysms, retinal hemorrhages, cotton-wool spots, hard exudates, optic nerve ischemia, and optic disk swelling) [ 41 ].…”

Section: Cardiovascular Risk Factors In Womenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Update on Management of Cardiovascular Diseases in Women

Lucà¹,

Abrignani

Parrini

et al. 2022

JCM

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Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have a lower prevalence in women than men; although, a higher mortality rate and a poorer prognosis are more common in women. However, there is a misperception of CVD female risk since women have commonly been considered more protected so that the real threat is vastly underestimated. Consequently, female patients are more likely to be treated less aggressively, and a lower rate of diagnostic and interventional procedures is performed in women than in men. In addition, there are substantial sex differences in CVD, so different strategies are needed. This review aims to evaluate the main gender-specific approaches in CVD.

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“…In the early stages, the fundus of patients with hypertension may not show any pathological changes. When the systemic arterial pressure increases, the fundus of patients with HR may show pathological changes such as decreased retinal arteriovenous diameter ratio, hypertensive retinal arteriosclerosis, retinal edema and hemorrhage, cotton velvet spot, and optic disk edema [20]. At present, the main treatment modality of HR patients is to control systemic blood pressure within the normal range by oral antihypertensive drugs [21].…”

Section: Application Of Ai Image Analysis In Hypertensivementioning

confidence: 99%

Research Progress of Artificial Intelligence Image Analysis in Systemic Disease-Related Ophthalmopathy

Chen

Liu

et al. 2022

Disease Markers

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The eye is one of the most important organs of the human body. Eye diseases are closely related to other systemic diseases, both of which influence each other. Numerous systemic diseases lead to special clinical manifestations and complications in the eyes. Typical diseases include diabetic retinopathy, hypertensive retinopathy, thyroid associated ophthalmopathy, optic neuromyelitis, and Behcet’s disease. Systemic disease-related ophthalmopathy is usually a chronic disease, and the analysis of imaging markers is helpful for a comprehensive diagnosis of these diseases. Recently, artificial intelligence (AI) technology based on deep learning has rapidly developed, leading to numerous achievements and arousing widespread concern. Presently, AI technology has made significant progress in research on imaging markers of systemic disease-related ophthalmopathy; however, there are also many limitations and challenges. This article reviews the research achievements, limitations, and future prospects of AI image analysis technology in systemic disease-related ophthalmopathy.

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Impact of Arterial Hypertension on the Eye: A Review of the Pathogenesis, Diagnostic Methods, and Treatment of Hypertensive Retinopathy

Cited by 41 publications

References 139 publications

Post-COVID-19 syndrome: retinal microcirculation as a potential marker for chronic fatigue

Post-COVID-19 syndrome: retinal microcirculation as a potential marker for chronic fatigue

Update on Management of Cardiovascular Diseases in Women

Research Progress of Artificial Intelligence Image Analysis in Systemic Disease-Related Ophthalmopathy

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