Impact of attachment, temperament and parenting on human development

Abstract

The purpose of this review is to present the basic concepts of attachment theory and temperament traits and to discuss the integration of these concepts into parenting practices. Attachment is a basic human need for a close and intimate relationship between infants and their caregivers. Responsive and contingent parenting produces securely attached children who show more curiosity, self-reliance, and independence. Securely attached children also tend to become more resilient and competent adults. In contrast, those who do not experience a secure attachment with their caregivers may have difficulty getting along with others and be unable to develop a sense of confidence or trust in others. Children who are slow to adjust or are shy or irritable are likely to experience conflict with their parents and are likely to receive less parental acceptance or encouragement, which can make the children feel inadequate or unworthy. However, the influence of children's temperament or other attributes may be mitigated if parents adjust their caregiving behaviors to better fit the needs of the particular child. Reflecting on these arguments and our childhood relationships with our own parents can help us develop the skills needed to provide effective guidance and nurturance.

Interrogating the resilience of women affected by violence

“…However, extensive research on resilience has found that not all resources commonly associated with resilience would generate a positive response to adversity (Phasha, 2010) because resilience changes over time and varies between individuals (Dass-Brailsford, 2005;Rutter, 1987). For example, typical protective resources such as close parent-child attachments will not always be helpful especially if the parent is abusive themselves or are less responsive to their child's needs (Hong and Park, 2012;Weinfield et al, 2004). Furthermore, individual experience of stress or difficulty in life might strengthen resistance at a later stage (Rutter, 2006).…”

Role of Family, Neighbourhood and Peers in Development of Delinquent Behavior in Adolescents

“…Attachment in parents has relationship with delinquency in a child and to minimize juvenile delinquency attachment can be catered (Hoeve et al, 2012). Secure attachment with parent results in self-reliance, curiosity and independence in a child on the other hand insecure attachment with parents results in irritable, shy less confident child, they feel worthless and incompetent and are rejected by parents (Hong and Park, 2012). Children of parents who rejected and belonged to lower middle class showed aggressive behavior than children of middle class family (Bhatti & Khoso, 2013).…”

Temperament and social competence in preschool children from San Juan de Lurigancho: a preliminary study

“…A pesar de ello, el estudio brinda información de dos de las áreas temáticas más relevantes del desarrollo socioemocional de niños y niñas en edad preescolar y reporta resultados coherentes con las evidencias teóricas y empíricas actuales (Rothbart & Bates, 2006). Para futuras investigaciones, se recomienda incorporar variables del entorno como las prácticas de crianza familiar (Mascaro, Rentscher, Hackett, Mehl, & Rilling, 2017;Olson, Lopez-Duran, Lunkenheimer, Chang, & Sameroff, 2011;Raya, Pino, & Herruzo, 2009), el vínculo con las figuras de apego (Hong & Park, 2012) o la socialización de los roles de género (Olino et al, 2013).…”