Impact of Behavioural Changes in Mosquito Feeding on Malaria Invasion: A Model-Based Approach

Abstract

Background: Malaria hosts are known to manipulate the feeding behaviour of mosquitoes to protect them from external threats and control. In particular, the phenomenon in which a mosquito's feeding target is biased toward an infectious host is called a vector-bias, and it can be a threat to malaria eradication if not considered. Aim of the study is to understand the problems that may arise when vector-bias is not considered in early invasion scenarios.Methods: Stochastic formulations of malaria transmission, including the vector-bias effect, ware constructed. Invasive dynamics were investigated using an individual-based continuous time Markov chain model and the offspring distributions of secondary infections. In addition, the extinction probability was derived using the negative binomial count model. Results: Invasions will occur quickly, and once the disease spreads, extinction will become difficult compared to when the vector-bias effect is not considered. In a highly heterogeneous environment, vector-bias has rare effect on decreasing the extinction probability. Conclusion: The early detection of a malaria invasion and the early control beginning are more important due to vector-bias for the malaria eradication in early invasion scenarios. In addition, some possible mosquito-biased behaviours were discussed in terms of adaptive dynamics.

Electrospun Nanofiber-Based Electrolytes for Next-Generation Quasi-Solid Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: A Review

“…299 In 2021, Kim and his coauthors synthesized a series of ABA triblock copolymers based on (poly(acrylonitrile-co-N-(isobutoxymethyl)acrylamide)-block-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(acrylonitrileco-N-(isobutoxymethyl)acrylamide)) (P(AN-co-BMAAm)-b-PEG-b-P(AN-co-BMAAm)) by a reversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization method. 300 The ionic conductivity and diffusion of I 3 − were increased with the increase of N-(isobutoxymethyl)acrylamide (BMAAm) composition, which was attributed to the availability of the iodide ions. Moreover, the addition of TiO 2 into the gel electrolyte exhibited the highest cell efficiency over the liquid electrolyte-based DSSC.…”

Review on Functional Electrolyte, Redox Polymers, and Solar Conversions in 3G Emerging Photovoltaic Technologies: Progress and Outlook

“…219 Electrolyte additive bind electrolyte cations thereby, increasing the electrical conductivity of the redox-active couple. 220,221 The extended block copolymer favors the production of a freely available electrolyte anion. The grafting of side chains and substitution of the carbon atom with nonmetal (N, F, and O) both have positive impacts on the energy levels of a polymer.…”