Impact of border barriers, returning migrants, and trade diversion in Brexit: Firm exit and loss of variety

The Environment, Energy and Economic Impacts of Carbon Tax and Indirect Tax in the Coal Industry

“…Different from the input-output model [40,41], the CGE model can analyze the impact of a target issue on the whole society more concisely and clearly. We have summarized 3 characteristics of the CGE model [42][43][44]The supply and demand function clearly reflects the behavior of producers pursuing profit maximization and consumers pursuing maximization of utility. 2.…”

The realised and unrealised benefits of the EU Single Market: current views

“…How can this untapped potential be realised? The Bruegel thinktank analysts believe that the gains so far have been smaller than they potentially might be because of basically two reasons (Mariniello et al, 2015): barriers remain in many areas covered by the Single Market governance while the progress in complementary policies, which should support the Single Market, has been insufficient, leading to insufficient room for entrepreneurial experimentation and exploration (Schumpeterian «creative destruction»). Among the remaining barriers, the analysts mention specifically: inconsistent and unambitious implementation of the directives, insufficient mutual recognition, too closed public procurement, heterogeneous regulations in services sectors, and administrative barriers to the free flow of labour.…”

“…The Single Market of the European Union (EU) is a globally unique economic area and institutional system, composed of different yet open and tightly integrated regional and national markets; it is in fact a core of the European integration process and an indispensable element of the EU. It should not probably be seen as a stand-alone growth engine, but as a fertile ground for entrepreneurial activity (including risk-taking, experimentation, exploration of new market niches) and, thus, a potent catalyst of growth (Mariniello et al, 2015). Still, both policy makers and citizens want to know what type and amount of gains we obtain thanks to the existence of the Single Market in the EU.…”

“…Consequently, one can conclude that the institutional changes following the Maastricht Treaty have improved capital allocation in Europe from a macroeconomic perspective. Furthermore, Aghion et al (2015) show that product market reforms induced by the Single Market programme have enhanced innovative investment in manufacturing industries of countries with strong patent rights.…”

Empowering Former Female Migrants in Sragen Indonesia

“…Former female migrants who come back into their origin area adapt difficulty to their new livelihood so that a reintegration process is needed to lead the former female migrants to undertake reasonable life in their origin area. Majority of former female migrants come back to their origin area to work in the farming sector and bring their habit during they were in a foreign country such as consumer behavior [13], [14], [15]. In line with Goal 5 of SDGs, Gender Equality and Women and Female Adolescent Empowerment, empowerment is required to raise degree, position, and role of women within society because in its development, there is a gap of role between men and women [16], [17].…”