Impact of Cardiorespiratory Fitness on All-Cause and Disease-Specific Mortality: Advances Since 2009

Harber, Matthew P.; Kaminsky, Leonard A.; Arena, Ross; Blair, Steven N.; Franklin, Barry A.; Myers, Jonathan; Ross, Robert

doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2017.03.001

Cited by 360 publications

(269 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…However, in the past several decades daily physical activity, both at work and during leisure time, has declined. The impact of a population doing less and less physically demanding activities, thereby increasing inactivity time, has obvious and well‐documented health consequences with increased risks for cardiovascular and all‐cause mortality …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trajectories of cardio‐metabolic health in successful aging

Dela

Finkenzeller

Ingersen

et al. 2019

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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Maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) and muscle mass decrease with age. The loss of cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle strength is accelerated with physical inactivity and has well‐documented consequences for morbidity and all‐cause mortality. Participation in exercise training programs will improve one or more of the cardio‐metabolic risk factors, but the long‐term effects of such programs are questionable. Here, we re‐examined 25 old (72 ± 4 years.) men and women who considered him/herself as “success‐full agers” and were participants in a 3‐month alpine skiing training program 6 years earlier. The program focused on healthy aging and included health questionnaires, measurement of lipids and glycemic parameters in blood and a VO2max test. Thirteen and 12 subjects were in the intervention (IG) and the control group (CG), respectively. In response to the training program, subjects improved their cardio‐metabolic risk factors. However, after 6 years all positive effects had disappeared. Approximately 80% of the subjects had total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol above and HDL cholesterol below the recommended values, but these subjects remained the most metabolically deteriorated, including an increase in fasting glucose concentrations. We conclude that people seem to follow their individual trajectory in terms of cardio‐metabolic risk factors, and participation in a relatively short lasting exercise training program with emphasis on healthy aging does not change that. Long‐lasting change in lifestyle probably requires a continued attentional focus, goal setting, and feedback.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trajectories of cardio‐metabolic health in successful aging

Dela

Finkenzeller

Ingersen

et al. 2019

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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“…Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is as a strong, independent predictor of all-cause and disease-specific mortality17 and high level of CRF is associated with a lower risk of all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality, in both rats18 and humans 19 20. It has previously been widely reported that former athletes have lower morbidity and mortality compared with general population,12 which may be due to their genetic background, increased PA levels or other better health habits 7 8 13.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mortality and health-related habits in 900 Finnish former elite athletes and their brothers

2017

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“…Further, even though we provided a list of apps currently available in app markets, it is important to note that the volume and turnover of apps are high; thus, it is likely that new applications will appear while others assessed in the current analysis will be defunct in the near future. The strengths of our review include a comprehensive analysis and discussion concerning the opportunities that apps provide for the objective and remote assessment of CRF and their usefulness for clinical and sports/training purposes [1–6, 8–10]. Specifically, our review contributes to the field by providing (1) information on the validity and reliability of apps currently available in the scientific literature; (2) a comprehensive list of apps currently available in app markets, including a qualitative rating of each in order to assist readers with selection of the best apps (Supplemental Tables 6–9 in the ESM, which include a direct link to each app); (3) a list of the key characteristics that a fitness app should have in order to assist readers with the selection of apps, as well as app developers to design better apps in the future; and (4) a list of recommendations for future research directions based on knowledge gaps identified during this systematic review.…”

Section: Limitations and Strengthsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is a powerful marker of cardiovascular (CV) health [1–6]. Despite the strong existing evidence linking CRF to CV health, the recent eHealth tools developed to assess CV disease (CVD) risk on the basis of multiple risk factors does not include CRF as a measure [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Review of Fitness Apps and Their Potential Clinical and Sports Utility for Objective and Remote Assessment of Cardiorespiratory Fitness

et al. 2019

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BackgroundCardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) assessment provides key information regarding general health status that has high clinical utility. In addition, in the sports setting, CRF testing is needed to establish a baseline level, prescribe an individualized training program and monitor improvement in athletic performance. As such, the assessment of CRF has both clinical and sports utility. Technological advancements have led to increased digitization within healthcare and athletics. Nevertheless, further investigation is needed to enhance the validity and reliability of existing fitness apps for CRF assessment in both contexts.ObjectivesThe present review aimed to (1) systematically review the scientific literature, examining the validity and reliability of apps designed for CRF assessment; and (2) systematically review and qualitatively score available fitness apps in the two main app markets. Lastly, this systematic review outlines evidence-based practical recommendations for developing future apps that measure CRF.Data SourcesThe following sources were searched for relevant studies: PubMed, Web of Science®, ScopusTM, and SPORTDiscus, and data was also found within app markets (Google Play and the App Store).Study Eligibility CriteriaEligible scientific studies examined the validity and/or reliability of apps for assessing CRF through a field-based fitness test. Criteria for the app markets involved apps that estimated CRF.Study Appraisal and Synthesis MethodsThe scientific literature search included four major electronic databases and the timeframe was set between 01 January 2000 and 31 October 2018. A total of 2796 articles were identified using a set of fitness-related terms, of which five articles were finally selected and included in this review. The app market search was undertaken by introducing keywords into the search engine of each app market without specified search categories. A total of 691 apps were identified using a set of fitness-related terms, of which 88 apps were finally included in the quantitative and qualitative synthesis.ResultsFive studies focused on the scientific validity of fitness tests with apps, while only two of these focused on reliability. Four studies used a sub-maximal fitness test via apps. Out of the scientific apps reviewed, the SA-6MWTapp showed the best validity against a criterion measure (r = 0.88), whilst the InterWalk app showed the highest test–retest reliability (ICC range 0.85–0.86).LimitationsLevels of evidence based on scientific validity/reliability of apps and on commercial apps could not be robustly determined due to the limited number of studies identified in the literature and the low-to-moderate quality of commercial apps.ConclusionsThe results from this scientific review showed that few apps have been empirically tested, and among those that have, not all were valid or reliable. In addition, commercial apps were of low-to-moderate quality, suggesting that their potential for assessing CRF has yet to be realized. Lastly, this manuscript has identified evid...

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Impact of Cardiorespiratory Fitness on All-Cause and Disease-Specific Mortality: Advances Since 2009

Cited by 360 publications

References 61 publications

Trajectories of cardio‐metabolic health in successful aging

Trajectories of cardio‐metabolic health in successful aging

Mortality and health-related habits in 900 Finnish former elite athletes and their brothers

A Systematic Review of Fitness Apps and Their Potential Clinical and Sports Utility for Objective and Remote Assessment of Cardiorespiratory Fitness

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