Impact of changed cropping practices on weed occurrence in spring cereals in Finland – a comparison of surveys in 1997–1999 and 2007–2009

Salonen, Jukka T.; Hyvönen, Terho; Kaseva, Janne; Jalli, Heikki

doi:10.1111/wre.12004

Cited by 38 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…; Salonen et al. ), and our results emphasize the value of such systems for rare and threatened arable weed species in Hungary. Only a few traditional extensively managed small fields remain in Hungary, and they are continuously being abandoned or intensified, making the persistence of these valuable habitats uncertain (Pinke et al.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Refining rare weed trait syndromes along arable intensification gradients

Pinke

Gunton

2014

J Vegetation Science

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Question How does the conservation (rarity) value of arable weed communities differ along intensification gradients? Which functional traits best distinguish the weed communities of more and less extensively managed fields? Can the same traits predict the rarity of individual weed species? Location Hungary. Methods Using relevé data from 60 cereal and 70 stubble fields, together with weed trait data, we characterized community responses to arable intensification using functional trait analyses based on trait‐convergence and trait‐divergence assembly patterns. We also examined how well the broad‐scale rarity status of species predicts their occurrence along intensification gradients, and how it maps onto our functional classifications describing intensification responses. Results The response of weeds to intensification in cereal fields was best described by a functional classification based on species' flowering duration, maximum height and seed weight: weeds of extensively managed fields have short flowering seasons (2–5 mo) and particularly large or small seeds. The highest proportions of rare species also happen to be found in these groups. The rarest weeds among these species tend to be late‐winter and early‐summer annuals, while the rare species of stubble fields tend to be broad‐leaved with low nitrogen requirements, small seeds and short height. Stubble fields showed a decline in weed cover with increasing application of fertilizer and distance from the field edge, but we could detect no strong associations of management factors with trait composition, perhaps because the intensification gradient across these fields was shorter. Conclusions Many rare Hungarian weeds are associated with traditional extensive farming practices. They are particularly characterized by short, midsummer flowering periods and by preference for low nitrogen levels, but a range of trait syndromes must be considered to understand their ecology and conservation. Analyses based on trait‐divergence patterns, rather than trait‐convergence patterns, provide better insights into the functional composition of weed communities, emphasizing the importance of disruptive filters in weed community assembly and the need for improved methods to detect such effects.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Refining rare weed trait syndromes along arable intensification gradients

Pinke

Gunton

2014

J Vegetation Science

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“…Norway has determined that an absolute prerequisite for the success of these alternative tillage systems is that perennial weeds, as well as some winter‐hardy annuals, are removed by spraying herbicides . In Finland, in the 1990s, plowing was still the standard practice in spring cereal fields, while the latest statistics show that only half of the cereal field area is currently plowed . At the same time, the sales of glyphosate have more than doubled within a decade in Finland …”

Section: Developed Countriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The increasing importance of herbicides in worldwide crop production

Gianessi¹

2013

Pest. Manag. Sci.

353

211

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Herbicide use is increasingly being adopted around the world. Many developing countries (India, China, Bangladesh) are facing shortages of workers to hand weed fields as millions of people move from rural to urban areas. In these countries, herbicides are far cheaper and more readily available than labor for hand weeding. History shows that in industrializing countries in the past, including the United States, Germany, Japan and South Korea, the same phenomenon has occurred-as workers have left agriculture, herbicides have been adopted. It is inevitable that herbicide use will increase in sub-Saharan Africa, not only because millions of people are leaving rural areas, creating shortages of hand weeders, but also because of the need to increase crop yields. Hand weeding has never been a very efficient method of weed control-often performed too late and not frequently enough. Uncontrolled weeds have been a major cause of low crop yields in sub-Saharan Africa for a long time. In many parts of the world, herbicides are being increasingly used to replace tillage in order to improve environmental conditions. In comparison with tillage, herbicide use reduces erosion, fuel use, greenhouse gas emissions and nutrient run-off and conserves water.

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“…Net blotch is the most common plant disease found in barley in Finland. The total abundance of weeds has remained the same in recent decades in conventional cropping, whereas an increase in total biomass of weeds has been associated with organic cropping (Salonen et al 2013). …”

Section: Agro-management Effects On Yield Trendsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of climate and historical adaptation measures on barley yield trends in Finland

Palosuo¹,

Rötter²,

Salo³

et al. 2015

Clim. Res.

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In this study, the WOFOST crop simulation model was used together with comprehensive empirical databases on barley Hordeum vulgare L. to study the contributions of different yield-determining and -limiting factors to observed trends of barley yield in Finland from 1988 to 2008. Simulations were performed at 3 study sites representing different agro-ecological zones, and compared with the data from experimental sites and that reported by local farmers. Yield gaps between simulated potential yields and farmers' yields and their trends were assessed. Positive observed yield trends of Finnish barley mostly resulted from the development and usage of new, high-yielding cultivars. Simulated trends in climatic potential and water-limited potential yields of individual cultivars showed a slight declining trend. Yield gaps showed an increasing trend in 2 out of 3 study areas. Since the mid-1990s, a major reason for this has been the lack of market and policy incentives favouring crop management decisions, i.e. annual fertilisation, soil maintenance, drainage and crop rotation decisions, aiming for higher yields. The study indicates potential options for increasing or maintaining barley yields in the future. The breeding of new climateresilient cultivars is the primary option. However, this needs to work alongside overall adjustments to farm management and must be supported by financial incentives for farmers to increase yields.

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Impact of changed cropping practices on weed occurrence in spring cereals in Finland – a comparison of surveys in 1997–1999 and 2007–2009

Cited by 38 publications

References 25 publications

Refining rare weed trait syndromes along arable intensification gradients

Refining rare weed trait syndromes along arable intensification gradients

The increasing importance of herbicides in worldwide crop production

Effects of climate and historical adaptation measures on barley yield trends in Finland

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