Impact of cigarette smoking on rates and clinical prognosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in Southern Mexico

Abstract

Objectives To examine the relationship between cigarette smoking and incidence and mortality rates of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and treatment outcomes. Materials From 1995-2010, we analyzed data from 1062 patients with TB and from 2001-2004, 2951 contacts in Southern Mexico. Patients with acid-fast bacilli or Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum samples underwent epidemiological, clinical and mycobacteriological evaluation and received treatment by the local DOTS program. Results Consumers of 1-10 (LS) or 11 or more (HS) cigarettes per day incidence (1.75 and 11.79) and mortality (HS,17.74) smoker-nonsmoker rate ratios were significantly higher for smokers. Smoker population was more likely to experience unfavorable treatment outcomes (HS, adjusted OR 2.36) and retreatment (LS and HS, adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 2.14 and 2.37). Contacts that smoked had a higher probability of developing active TB (HR 2.38) during follow up. Conclusions Results indicate the need of incorporating smoking prevention and cessation, especially among men, into international TB control strategies.

Statement on smoking cessation in COPD and other pulmonary diseases and in smokers with comorbidities who find it difficult to quit

“…Smoking is more prevalent in people with TB compared with people without TB [112][113][114][115][116][117][118][119][120][121][122][123], with the risk of TB increasing in people who smoke more and who have smoked for more years. Meta-analyses suggest that smoking is an important risk factor for both pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB [124][125][126].…”

Impact of HIV infection and smoking on lung immunity and related disorders

“…Mounting evidence from a number of countries in both the developed and developing worlds attests not only to the predisposing effect of smoking for the development of pulmonary TB [105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112], but also for more severe disease progression [113], decreased efficacy of antimicrobial chemotherapy [114], prolonged infectivity [115][116][117], recurrence of disease [118], poor outcomes of multidrug-resistant TB [119] and possibly impaired post-treatment lung function [120].…”

Factors Associated with Treatment Failure among Smear Positive TB Patients in Khorasan-e-Razavi and Sistan-Baluchistan Provinces, Iran

“…Other diseases, such as alcoholism and diabetes mellitus, can increase the risk of TB by three times. Studies have revealed a significant increased treatment failure in diabetic TB patients compared with non-diabetic ones [2][3][4].…”