Impact of Ciprofloxacin and Clindamycin Administration on Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated from Healthy Volunteers and Characterization of the Resistance Genes They Harbor

Abstract

The aim of this study was to assess the impact of ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, and placebo administration on culturable Gramnegative isolates and the antibiotic resistance genes they harbor. Saliva and fecal samples were collected from healthy human volunteers before and at intervals, up to 1 year after antibiotic administration. Samples were plated on selective and nonselective media to monitor changes in different colony types or bacterial species. Following ciprofloxacin administration, there was a decrease of Escherichia coli in feces and after clindamycin administration a decrease of Bacteroides in feces and Leptotrichia in saliva, which all returned to pretreatment levels within 1 to 4 months. Ciprofloxacin administration also resulted in an increase in ciprofloxacin-resistant Veillonella in saliva, which persisted for 12 months. Additionally, 949 aerobic and anaerobic isolates purified from ciprofloxacin-and clindamycin-containing plates were screened for the presence of resistance genes. Resistance gene carriage was widespread in isolates from all three treatment groups, and no association was observed between genes and antibiotic administration. Although the anaerobic component of the microbiota was not a major reservoir of aerobe-associated antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, we detected the sulfonamide resistance gene sul2 in anaerobic isolates. The longitudinal nature of the study allowed identification of distinct Escherichia coli clones harboring multiple resistance genes, including one carrying an extended-spectrum ␤-lactamase bla CTX-M group 9 gene, which persisted in the gut for up to 4 months. This study provided insight into the effects of antibiotic administration on healthy microbiota and the diversity of resistance genes harbored therein.

Different immunological responses to early-life antibiotic exposure affecting autoimmune diabetes development in NOD mice

“…These continuous treatments maintained the composition of the microbiota, and thus, prolonged the effects, suggesting that the microbiota that is set very early have a substantial effect. However, it should be noted that long-term antibiotic treatment raises a concern about propagation of resistant bacterial strains in the gut [40]. Even the 3-week treatment of the pregnant females, using neomycin or vancomycin, could cause increase of some G− or G+ bacteria, respectively, which are possibly neomycin or vancomycin resistant (data not shown).…”

Leptotrichia species in human infections II

“…HOT 177, Actinomyces genus, Kingella genus, K. dentificans , K. oralis , Streptococcus anginosus / S. gordonii , S. sanguinis , Bergeyella sp. HOT 322, culture, HTS, microarray 132M 73–83 ± 77 Leptotrichia spp.Lung, AECOPD, cough, dyspnea, fatigue, sputum productionSputum Capnocytophaga , Stenotrophomonas, Pasteurellaceae , Pediococcus, Rothia , Acinetobacter, Porphyromonas , Streptococcus, Actinomyces , Enterobacter, Veillonella , Prevotella, Neisseria , fungi ( Sterigmatomyces , Teratosphaeria, Candida , Aspergillus Phialosimplex , Aureobasidium ), 16S rRNA gene sequencing, barcoded ITS genes, HTS, CRP[50]133UK/A Leptotrichia spp.Healthy, ciprofloxacin groupSaliva, fecal Veillonella , Bacteroides, K. pneumoniae , E. coli , culture, microarray, MALDI-TOF, PFGE[51]UK/A Leptotrichia spp.Healthy, clindamycin groupSaliva, fecal Veillonella , K. pneumoniae , culture, MALDI-TOF, microarray, PFGE UK/A Leptotrichia spp.Healthy, placebo control groupSaliva, fecal Veillonella , Bacteroides, K. pneumoniae , culture, MALDI-TOF, microarray, PFGE 136M/F 48 L. buccalis Rheumatoid arthritis patients, healthy subjects without periodontitisSubgingival plaque samples P. gingivalis , T. forsythia , T. denticola , checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridization[52]M/F 48 L. buccalis Rheumatoid arthritis patients, periodontitis, gingivitisSubgingival plaque samples P. gingivalis , T. forsythia , T. denticola , G. morbillorum , S. gordonii , P. acnes , checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridization 138M/F 3–6 Leptotrichia spp.Healthy, intact enamel surface: discordant caries twinsSupragingival plaque, mouth Fusobacterium , Corynebacterium , Porphyromonas , Veillonella , TM7 genus incertae sedis , Streptococcus, Moraxella , Capnocytophaga, F. canifelinum , Selenomonas, Propionibacterium , Actinomyces, Neisseria , K. denitrificans , Alysiella, Prevotella , Lactobacillus, Scardovia , HTS, PCA[…”

“…Leptotrichia species were equally isolated from the blood and gastric fluid of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), candidal esophagitis, chronic kidney disease, diabetic, duodenal ulcer, erythematous gastropathy, gastroesophageal reflux disease, gastric ulcer, hiatal hernia, reflux esophagitis, upper gastrointestinal bleeding, renal transplant, and sarcoidosis (Table 2) [16]. Also, Leptotrichia species were isolated from tumor tissues and sputum of patients with tuberculosis, acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and feces of piglets with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus [40,41,43,50,51]. They were also detected in patient material from tongue plaque with malodor [42], biofilms of caries, oral epithelial cells [48,49], vaginal swabs with high-risk human papillomavirus, and from HIV-positive and -negative subjects [55].…”

Detection of the florfenicol resistance gene floR in Chryseobacterium isolates from rainbow trout. Exception to the general rule?

“…Technologies, Jena, Germany), as described previously (Card et al 2015). Table S4) was undertaken using individual BLAST searches (Altschul et al 1997).…”