Impact of Co-administered Lopinavir/Ritonavir and Sulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprim on Reproductive Indices of Male Albino Rats

Abstract

Antiretroviral drugs containing Lopinavir/ ritonavir (LPV/r) are usually co-administered with sulfamethoxazole / trimethoprim (SMX/TMP) in the management of HIV/AIDS and co infections. The concurrent use of these drugs may place more adverse burden on testicular function because reports have associated these drugs individually with decreased testicular function. This study therefore evaluated the effects of the co-administration of SMX/TMP + LPV/r on reproductive indices of male albino rats. Eighty (80) adult male rats which were divided into five (5) groups A-E were used in this study. Animals in group A which served as the control were treated with 1% ethanol while animals in groups B-E were treated orally with SMX/TMP, (22.4/4.6mg/kg), LPV/r (22.8/5.8mg/kg) and combined doses of SMX/TMP + LPV/r for 2-8 weeks respectively. Animals were sacrificed at the end of treatment, testes were collected and weighed. Sperm count, sperm motility, and morphology were evaluated. Testicular levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), super oxide dismutase (SOD) and histopathological changes were also analyzed. Single doses of LPV/r and SMX/TMP produced significant time dependent decrease in total sperm count and sperm motility, with increase in abnormal sperm morphology. Treatment with single doses of these agents time dependently increased testicular MDA, decreased SOD level and induced abnormal testicular histopathological changes. No significant synergistic effects were observed in all evaluated parameters when these agents were coadministered. Conclusion: Due to lack of significant synergistic effects on all evaluated parameters with the coadministration of these agents, the concurrent use of these agents in the management of HIV and co-infections may not have any deleterious effect on male reproductive function.

Moringa oleifera restored semen quality, hormonal profile, and testicular morphology against Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy- induced toxicity in adult male Wistar rats

“…Furthermore, there was a significant increase in MDA levels, with a concomitant decrease in GSH, CAT, and SOD activities in HAART-treated animals, hence, proving that the testicular tissue of the untreated rats is greatly affected by ROS due to chemically-induced oxidative stress. Our study supports previous findings that revealed an increase in testicular MDA levels after the administration of HAART drugs (Oputiri & Elias, 2014;Adaramoye et al, 2015). Additionally, the previous study revealed that HAART significantly reduced testicular GSH, SOD, and CAT, consequently reducing antioxidant availability; thereby increasing free radical activity and disrupting the redox balance (Ogedengbe et al, 2018).…”

Virgin coconut oil extract mitigates testicular‐induced toxicity of alcohol use in antiretroviral therapy

“…This indicates testicular occurrence of lipid peroxidation. Our result still supports previous findings indicating an increased in testicular MDA levels after the administration of alcohol (Dosumu et al ., ; Sanghishetti et al ., ) or antiretroviral drugs (Oputiri & Elias, ; Adaramoye et al ., ). Mirroring the MDA levels in VCO‐treated groups with alcohol and HAART with glutathione levels, the results represent a mitigation of the negative effects of the former in the protocol which, in this study, is possibly due to the effects of the later (VCO).…”

Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Male Reproductive Health: Challenging the Future with a Double-Edged Sword

“…Table 1 [54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69] includes a summary of the effects of several CECs grouped as pesticides and pharmaceuticals on male fertility (e.g., hormone levels, testis size and structure, and sperm characteristics) in different species. Example of CECs listed in Table 1 [54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69] included both in vivo and in vitro treatments and illustrates the broad negative reproductive effects that CECs have.…”

“…Table 1 [54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69] includes a summary of the effects of several CECs grouped as pesticides and pharmaceuticals on male fertility (e.g., hormone levels, testis size and structure, and sperm characteristics) in different species. Example of CECs listed in Table 1 [54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69] included both in vivo and in vitro treatments and illustrates the broad negative reproductive effects that CECs have. Overall, collective findings indicate defects in reproductive function across a wide range of marine and terrestrial animals including fish [70], birds [71], alligators, turtles, salamanders [72], mice [73], and panthers [74], when exposed to CECs.…”