Impact of co‐infection with Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Moritella viscosa on inflammatory and immune responses of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Carvalho, Laura A.; Whyte, S. K.; Braden, Laura M.; Purcell, Sara L.; Manning, Anthony J.; Muckle, Anne; Fast, Mark D.

doi:10.1111/jfd.13144

Cited by 29 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…The skin samples at the lesion sites (at the edge of lesion: Mv-At) and away sites (~ 1 cm away from the edge of the lesion; Mv-Aw) were taken from fish that developed skin lesions (i.e. stage 3 lesion, which includes dermal ulceration along with visible muscle tissue 70 ; 5 out of the 8 sampled fish had lesions) in the M. viscosa group, whereas fish with no lesion (3 out of the 8 sampled fish did not have lesions; Mv-N) in the M. viscosa group were sampled as in fish from the control group. Supplemental Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Global gene expression responses of Atlantic salmon skin to Moritella viscosa

Eslamloo

Kumar

Xue

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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Moritella viscosa is a Gram-negative pathogen that causes large, chronic ulcers, known as winter-ulcer disease, in the skin of several fish species including Atlantic salmon. We used a bath challenge approach to profile the transcriptome responses of M. viscosa-infected Atlantic salmon skin at the lesion (Mv-At) and away from the lesion (Mv-Aw) sites. M. viscosa infection was confirmed through RNA-based qPCR assays. RNA-Seq identified 5212 and 2911 transcripts differentially expressed in the Mv-At compared to no-infection control and Mv-Aw groups, respectively. Also, there were 563 differentially expressed transcripts when comparing the Mv-Aw to control samples. Our results suggest that M. viscosa caused massive and strong, but largely infection site-focused, transcriptome dysregulations in Atlantic salmon skin, and its effects beyond the skin lesion site were comparably subtle. The M. viscosa-induced transcripts of Atlantic salmon were mainly involved in innate and adaptive immune response-related pathways, whereas the suppressed transcripts by this pathogen were largely connected to developmental and cellular processes. As validated by qPCR, M. viscosa dysregulated transcripts encoding receptors, signal transducers, transcription factors and immune effectors playing roles in TLR- and IFN-dependent pathways as well as immunoregulation, antigen presentation and T-cell development. This study broadened the current understanding of molecular pathways underlying M. viscosa-triggered responses of Atlantic salmon, and identified biomarkers that may assist to diagnose and combat this pathogen.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…showing expression of M. viscosa genes in all Mv-At samples) with stage 3 lesion (i.e. dermal ulceration with visible muscle tissue 70 ) as well as 4 fish from the control group were selected for RNA-Seq analyses (12 samples in total).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global gene expression responses of Atlantic salmon skin to Moritella viscosa

Eslamloo

Kumar

Xue

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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“…Despite this, when examined histologically, epithelial wounds caused by Lsal are rarely associated with bacterial colonization, and when they have been observed it has been on the fins and gills > 150 degree-days (123,124). Even in cases where salmon have been co-exposed with Moritella viscosa, the bacteria was rarely isolated from Lsal attachment sites (< 5%), despite common clinical signs of 'winter ulcer disease' and bacterial isolation from other skin sites away from louse attachment (125). Interestingly, the feeding response of Lsal is associated with significant production of vitellogenin-like proteins.…”

Section: Accepted Articlementioning

confidence: 96%

Salmon immunological defence and interplay with the modulatory capabilities of its ectoparasite Lepeophtheirus salmonis

Braden

Monaghan

Fast

2020

Parasite Immunology

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The salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Lsal) is an ectoparasitic copepod that exerts immunomodulatory and physiological effects on its host Atlantic salmon. Over 30 years of research on louse biology, control, host responses and the host-parasite relationship has provided a plethora of information on the intricacies of host resistance and parasite adaptation. Atlantic salmon exhibit temporal and spatial impairment of the immune system and wound healing ability during infection. This immunosuppression may render Atlantic salmon less tolerant to stress and other confounders associated with current management strategies. Contrasting susceptibility of salmonid hosts exists and early pro-inflammatory Th1 type responses are associated with resistance. Rapid cellular responses to larvae appear to tip the balance of the host-parasite relationship in favour of the host, preventing severe immune-physiological impacts of the more invasive adults. Immunological, transcriptomic, genomic and proteomic evidence suggests pathological impacts occur in susceptible hosts through modulation of host immunity and physiology via pharmacologically active molecules. Coevolutionary and farming selection pressures may have incurred preference of Atlantic salmon as a host for Lsal reflected in their interactome. Here we review host-parasite interactions at the primary attachment/feeding site, and the complex life-stage dependent molecular mechanisms employed to subvert host physiology and immune responses.

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“…IPNV and SAV) and sea lice infestations or other infections (e.g. with ISAV and M. viscosa ) are associated with higher mortality 16 , 25 , 26 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors associated with baseline mortality in Norwegian Atlantic salmon farming

Oliveira

Dean

Qviller

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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In 2019, it was estimated that more than 50 million captive Atlantic salmon in Norway died in the final stage of their production in marine cages. This mortality represents a significant economic loss for producers and a need to improve welfare for farmed salmon. Single adverse events, such as algal blooms or infectious disease outbreaks, can explain mass mortality in salmon cages. However, little is known about the production, health, or environmental factors that contribute to their baseline mortality during the sea phase. Here we conducted a retrospective study including 1627 Atlantic salmon cohorts put to sea in 2014–2019. We found that sea lice treatments were associated with Atlantic salmon mortality. In particular, the trend towards non-medicinal sea lice treatments, including thermal delousing, increases Atlantic salmon mortality in the same month the treatment is applied. There were differences in mortality among production zones. Stocking month and weight were other important factors, with the lowest mortality in smaller salmon stocked in August–October. Sea surface temperature and salinity also influenced Atlantic salmon mortality. Knowledge of what affects baseline mortality in Norwegian aquaculture can be used as part of syndromic surveillance and to inform salmon producers on farming practices that can reduce mortality.

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Impact of co‐infection with Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Moritella viscosa on inflammatory and immune responses of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Cited by 29 publications

References 55 publications

Global gene expression responses of Atlantic salmon skin to Moritella viscosa

Global gene expression responses of Atlantic salmon skin to Moritella viscosa

Salmon immunological defence and interplay with the modulatory capabilities of its ectoparasite Lepeophtheirus salmonis

Factors associated with baseline mortality in Norwegian Atlantic salmon farming

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