Impact of CO2 hydrates on injectivity during CO2 storage in depleted gas fields: A literature review

Evaluation of CO2 Hydrate Saturation in Porous Core Experiments Using Medical CT Images

“…Since the solubility of N 2 in water is quite small compared to that of CO 2 , especially under low temperatures, it is expected that nearly all of the N 2 is purged and replaced by CO 2 soon after injection starts. However, if a small amount of N 2 remained, it would not have a considerable impact on CO 2 hydrate PT diagram at the aforementioned experimental condition (30 bar and 273.7 K) …”

“…In the context of porous media, the dynamic behavior of CO 2 hydrate formation, saturation, and distribution needs to be determined for CO 2 hydrate formation/saturation depending on the intrinsic permeability of the porous media, the water distribution, availability of nucleation sites, and the growth kinetics of hydrate formation. − To address these challenges, visualization methods serve as a promising approach to quantitatively characterize the water–hydrate saturation of porous media under various permeabilities and predict approximate trends. So far, extensive research has utilized nondestructive methods such as MRI , and micro-CT scanning to distinguish the phase states of water, gas, and gas hydrate, and estimate hydrate saturation.…”