“…In this regard, three different communication schemes can be realized for an IP/EMS: centralized, decentralized, and hybrid. In each of the mentioned schemes, different communication technologies such as microwave (μW), power line carrier (PLC), fiber optics, infrared, and/or wireless radio networks (such as global system for mobile (GSM) communications and code division multiple access (CDMA)) can be effectively used and integrated into the existing infrastructures [33,34].…”