Impact of Corruption and Crime on Smuggling: Evidence from Iran

Abstract

The main purpose of this research is to investigate the size and the relationship between smuggling and crime indexes such as returned checks, corruption and drinking alcohol in Iran during the period 1984–2015 by using Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes (MIMIC) model and Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) method. The results showed that among the crime indexes, divorce, drinking alcohol and corruption were positively correlated with smuggling, while another crime index, returned checks had a negative relationship with smuggling. Besides, all socio-economic cause variables on smuggling, including tariffs, misery index, illiteracy, gap of exchange rate, economic openness index and the size of government were found to increase smuggling. Furthermore, the findings showed that the cause variables on smuggling, including liquidity and energy consumption were positively correlated with smuggling.

Drug Trafficking From Thailand’s Golden Triangle Region and Its Implications on Malaysia’s Political Security

“…Drug trafficking not only brings a host of problem linked to moral corruption in society but also undermines political security. This is demonstrated by the bribery and corruption cases involving government servants and law enforcement officers tasked with securing the Malaysia-Thailand border, who were arrested by the Malaysia Anti-Corruption Agency (MACC) for accepting bribes and engaging in corruption (Mansouri & Afghah, 2019). These individuals, bribed by drug syndicates abroad, has facilitated the uninterrupted smuggling operations across international borders thusfurther exacerbating the problem.…”

“…As such, the foundation of a democracy lies in the people's power to elect the government of their choice (Mansouri & Afghah, 2019). This means they are bound to follow the laws and regulations set by the government they choose.…”