Impact of COVID-19 on the energy consumption of commercial buildings: A case study in Singapore

Cai, Senhong; Gou, Zhonghua

doi:10.1016/j.enbenv.2022.11.004

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Extruded polystyrene (EPS) sheets are commonly suggested as an efficient way in hot arid climates when used for insulation in the outer envelope of buildings. 28 In reference to the Egyptian energy code, the minimum U-value for external walls should reach 0.96 W/m 2 K in air-conditioned buildings in Cairo. 35…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Maintenance costs were ignored since the applied retrofitting alternatives do not need maintenance, and the residual value was assumed to be 25% of the initial cost of retrofitting after the period of the LCC study which increases the building value in the real estate market. 28 Present value (PV) of electricity bills was calculated through the PV formula of Equation (1), for annually recurring non-uniform amounts. 42…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The investigated glazing strategies included thickness, colour, number of layers and coating of glazing. In another study, Attia and De Herde 28 evaluated the retrofit strategies of a middle-income urban residential case in Cairo using TRNSYS software. The study investigated the potential and impact of different passive and active retrofit strategies.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Life-cycle cost analysis for façade retrofit measures of residential buildings in Cairo

Kazem

Ezzeldin

Tolba

2021

Indoor and Built Environment

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Nowadays, energy retrofit for existing buildings has become a worldwide approach to reduce total energy consumption. A wide range of energy-efficient retrofit measures is actively affecting the decision process, of which retrofit alternatives should be used. The existing study aims to evaluate the effects of façade retrofit measures in residential buildings in Cairo using life-cycle cost analysis. An extensive variety of façade retrofit alternatives was explored individually and combined. A hypothetical benchmark building was used as a reference to represent typical residential buildings in Cairo. DesignBuilder was adopted to assess and quantify the energy-saving potentials for the proposed measures. The evaluation process was based on a parametric analysis of four major façade parameters that are affecting building energy performance; exterior wall configuration, glazing type, window-to-wall ratio and external shading. Thermal characteristics for façade retrofit measures were analysed to give a better understanding of the thermal performance for each retrofitting case. Results showed that the most cost-effective alternative for façade retrofit is to install a 1 m overhang as an external shading device, which reached 1.4% life-cycle cost saving and 18% energy saving. Finally, a sensitivity analysis for the main life-cycle cost supplements was presented to show major variables that are affecting life-cycle cost analysis.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Life-cycle cost analysis for façade retrofit measures of residential buildings in Cairo

Kazem

Ezzeldin

Tolba

2021

Indoor and Built Environment

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“…The heat generated from a lighting system in an office building is large enough to have a significant impact on the air conditioning system by increasing the building's cooling load [11]. The COVID-19 pandemic and remote work have reduced the usage of office space [12]. Even post-COVID-19, the level of energy consumption in office-type buildings has not been raised to pre-COVID-19 levels [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study on Transparent Type Envelope Material in Terms of Overall Thermal Transfer, Energy, and Economy for an Office Building Based on the Thai Building Energy Code

et al. 2023

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Energy consumption in buildings has increased significantly as population and economic activities are concentrated in urban areas. Air conditioning accounts for a significant percentage of energy consumption in buildings, especially in tropical climates. The main area where heat can be transferred into the building is through glass windows. Thus, this study aims to evaluate feasibility in terms of overall thermal transfer value (OTTV), energy, and economics for retrofitting different glass materials in an office building in Thailand by using building energy code (BEC) software. The software uses Thailand’s building energy code as the standard to evaluate the energy performance of the case study building in comparison with different glass types used in retrofitted cases. From an economic perspective, the internal rate of return (IRR) and discounted payback periods (DPP) were used as determining indexes. The results demonstrated that retrofitted windows with the best energy-efficient glass might achieve energy performance, but installation cost can reduce economic feasibility, while the glass with the second lowest heat transfer coefficient can reduce the OTTV by 68.89% and building energy consumption by 16.87%. However, it can achieve the highest economic performance with 10.70% IRR and DPP at 11.83 years. Therefore, the balance between energy and economic factors must be considered to provide energy-efficient and investment-friendly glass materials for retrofit projects. In addition, the study focuses specifically on tropical climates. Thus, the finding may not be reflected similarly for buildings located in different regions.

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“…Commercial buildings can be broadly categorized into four types [3] namely hotels, offices, retail, and mixed develop-979-8-3503-2445-7/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE ments. They all have different characteristics to fulfill the purposes of the facilities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Counterfactual Analysis: A Case Study on Impact of External Events on Building Energy Consumption

Oguchi,

Ghosal,

Sim

et al. 2023

2023 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (BigData)

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Energy consumption in buildings accounts for a significant portion of the global energy use. Consequently, understanding building energy use is important. Data over the past decade show that the energy intensity (Joules/sqft) of commercial buildings has decreased. While some of the improvements (decrease in energy use) are easily measurable such as the use of more energy efficient lighting, impact of other modifications such as changes to the operation of the HVAC system or changes in the usage pattern of the building potentially due to external events are difficult to quantify. Simply comparing energy consumption prior and post change is not accurate as energy use is impacted by many factors including external weather conditions. In this paper, we present a case study to quantify the impact of external events on the energy consumption of a medium-sized office building. We adopt an approach based on counterfactual analysis. Towards this end, we first build two models based on Linear Regression and k-Nearest Neighbors to predict the daily energy use given different input features related to the weather. We determine the statistical features of the weather that are most predictive of energy use. We then use the models to determine a counterfactual baseline and thereby to accurately estimate the impact of the events. The results of the counterfactual analysis provide new insights on the impact of the events on energy consumption. The update to the building cooling system resulted in more energy savings than direct yearly comparison reveals. On the other hand, the tests of a MPC-based controller for the HVAC system saved less energy than determined by the direct yearly comparison. Finally, the results show that there no gains in terms of energy savings due to remote work during the COVID-19 pandemic. An increase in airflow setting in the HVAC system corroborates this finding and further validates the underlying model and the counterfactual analyses.

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Impact of COVID-19 on the energy consumption of commercial buildings: A case study in Singapore

Cited by 10 publications

References 49 publications

Life-cycle cost analysis for façade retrofit measures of residential buildings in Cairo

Life-cycle cost analysis for façade retrofit measures of residential buildings in Cairo

A Study on Transparent Type Envelope Material in Terms of Overall Thermal Transfer, Energy, and Economy for an Office Building Based on the Thai Building Energy Code

Counterfactual Analysis: A Case Study on Impact of External Events on Building Energy Consumption

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