Impact of cytokine genetic polymorphisms on the risk of renal parenchymal infection in children

Functional variants in intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 and toll‐like receptor‐4 genes are more frequent in children with febrile urinary tract infection with renal parenchymal involvement

“…The severity of urinary tract infections (UTIs) depends on the number and virulence of the bacteria, the innate immunity of the host and the adaptive immune responses . While UTIs present clinically as asymptomatic bacteriuria, cystitis and acute pyelonephritis (APN), lower UTIs may progress to APN with the risk of developing renal parenchymal scarring (RPS), hypertension and eventually deterioration of renal function .…”

“…Bacteria invading the urinary tract are initially detected by the innate immune system through toll‐like receptor‐4 (TLR‐4), which initiates signalling pathways that include activation of nuclear factor kappa B and secretion of chemokines with a further build‐up of the inflammatory process . The intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 ( ICAM‐1 ), typically expressed on endothelial and immune cells, plays a crucial role in leucocyte transmigration during infection . ICAM‐1 Gly241Arg and Lys469Glu, and TLR‐4 Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile are functional single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that have been associated with different diseases .…”

Association between interleukin 8‐receptor gene (CXCR1 and CXCR2) polymorphisms and urinary tract infection: Evidence from 4097 subjects

“…Two hundred and eighty‐four publications were retrieved from electronic databases. Eight studies met our inclusion and exclusion criteria, of which seven reported CXCR1 rs2234671 and two reported CXCR1 rs3138060 . Detailed genetic frequencies of CXCR1 rs16858808, CXCR2 1126579, and rs4674258 were reported in one article each (Fig.…”

“…Studies of rs2234671 consisted of 1806 patients with UTI and 1790 controls; rs3138060, 766 patients with UTI and 660 controls (Table ); rs16858808, 279 patients with UTI and 222 controls; rs1126579, 147 patients with UTI and 215 controls; and rs4674258, 279 patients with UTI and 221 controls (Table ). The subjects in three studies were Asian and those in other five studies were Caucasian . All participants in the control groups conformed to the HWE.…”

“…As an example, Gond et al did not find any association between CXCR1 rs2234671 polymorphism and UTI susceptibility in adults, whereas Yin et al reported that rs2234671 GC genotype and C allele have lower prevalence in UTI sufferers than in controls . These paradoxical results were also observed in children …”