Impact of demographic, environmental, socioeconomic, and government intervention on the spreading of COVID-19

Abstract

Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a worldwide epidemiological emergency, and the risk factors for the multiple waves with new COVID-19 strains are concerning. This study aims to identify the most significant risk factors for spreading COVID-19 to help policymakers take early measures for the next waves. Methods We conducted the study on randomly selected 29 countries where the pandemic had a downward trend in the daily active cases curve as of June 10, 2020. We investigated the association with the standardized spreading index and demographical, environmental, socioeconomic, and government intervention. To standardize the spreading index, we accounted for the number of tests and the timeline bias. Furthermore, we performed multiple linear regression to identify the relative importance of the variables. Results In the correlation analysis, air pollution, PM 2.5 (r = 0.37, p = 0.0466), number of days to impose lockdown from first case (r = 0.38, p = 0.0424) and total confirmed cases on the first lockdown (r = 0.61, p = 0.0004) were associated with outcome measures. In the adjusted model, air pollution ( = 4.5, p = 0.0127, |t| = 3.1) and overweight prevalence ( = 4.7, p = 0.0187, |t| = 2.9) were the most significant exposure variable for spreading of COVID-19. Conclusion Our findings showed that countries with larger PM 2.5 values and comparatively more overweight populations are at higher risk of spreading COVID-19. Proper preventive measures may reduce the spreading.

Effect of vaccination rates on the prevalence and mortality of COVID-19

“…The reason for this is unknown, although there are a few theories. Some possible significant covariates are the average yearly number of people arriving per capita [33,34], median age [34][35][36], or air pollution [35,[37][38][39][40][41], but none of these appear to provide a convincing explanation for the correlation between wealth and cases or deaths. More recently it is still the case that wealthier countries have more cases; see 3(d).…”

Climatic and Environmental Factors Influencing COVID-19 Transmission—An African Perspective

“…A study in Mozambique determined that the air quality is moderately hazardous, especially in Maputo, where the annual mean concentration of 2.5 micrometer (PM2.5 ) is 21 g/m 3 , exceeding the WHO-recommended maximum of 10 g/m 3 [39]. In general, the reviewed research indicates that nations with more air pollution (PM2.5) and larger obese populations have a higher probability of severe COVID-19 infection and death [48].…”

Ginseng, a promising choice for SARS-COV-2: A mini review

“…SARS-CoV-2 caused significant casualties with huge social and economic impacts all over the world, and it imposed unprecedented challenges in the entire health systems of the world [ 1 ]. The Covid-19 has affected all the territories of the world, since its first appearance in Wuhan, China [ 2 , 3 ]. SARS-CoV-2 is a single-stranded, positive-sense, RNA-enveloped virus [ 4 ].…”