Impact of Diet on Blood Pressure and Age-Related Changes in Blood Pressure in the US Population

Hajjar, Ihab; Grim, Clarence E.; George, Varghese; Kotchen, Theodore A.

doi:10.1001/archinte.161.4.589

Cited by 151 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…This type of dietary assessment is widely used in international epidemiological studies. [32][33][34] The results obtained with the above-mentioned questionnaires are basically the same. Different questionnaires were used because the subjects of the THUSA BANA study (aged 10-15 years) were too young to fully understand and answer the QFFQ meaningfully.…”

supporting

confidence: 54%

Factor analysis of possible risks for hypertension in a black South African population

et al. 2003

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To date only a small number of studies have investigated the pattern of associations within a set of hypertension risks. The objective of this study was therefore to examine the interrelation of main hypertension risks in an African population by using factor analysis in order to detect underlying risk patterns. Subjects aged 16-70 years (N ¼ 963) were recruited from 37 randomly selected sites throughout the North West Province during 1996-1998. Exclusion criteria were pregnancy, lactation, casual visitors, drunkenness and treatment for chronic diseases, such as hypertension. Subjects with blood pressures exceeding 140/90 mmHg were classified as hypertensive. Children aged 10-15 years were also recruited from 30 randomly selected schools during 2000-2001 (N ¼ 694). Children were classified as hypertensive when an average systolic or diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to the 90th percentile for age and sex was encountered, while correcting for height. The following hypertension risks were measured: urbanisation, obesity, plasma fibrinogen, lipids, insulin, serum gamma glutamyl-transferase, dietary intake, smoking and alcohol consumption. From 23 risks the factor analysis disclosed five factors that explained 56.2% of the variance in the male and 43.5% of the variance in the female group: an urban malnutritional phenomenon, the metabolic syndrome X, a hypercholesterolaemic and obesity complex, an alcoholic hypertriglyceridaemia, and central and peripheral cardiovascular hypertensive effects. In conclusion, South Africans migrating from rural to urban areas adapt to a new lifestyle with numerous risks, resulting in conditions like malnutrition, the metabolic syndrome X, dyslipidaemia, alcoholism, obesity and increased peripheral vascular resistance. For successful prevention of hypertension in a population in transition, a whole risk pattern should be corrected, rather than an individual risk by implementing lifestyle modification programmes.

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confidence: 54%

Factor analysis of possible risks for hypertension in a black South African population

et al. 2003

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“…In the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), a higher intake of calcium was associated with a reduced rate of rise in systolic BP with age, suggesting an effect of dietary calcium also on long-term BP control. 60 Minor reductions in population BP could have a substantial impact on cardiovascular disease in westernized societies. MacMahon et al 61 showed that a prolonged difference in usual diastolic BP of only 5 mm Hg is associated with at least 34% less stroke and 21% less coronary heart disease.…”

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confidence: 99%

Blood pressure response to calcium supplementation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

et al. 2006

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Calcium plays a role in blood pressure (BP) regulation, but the importance of supplemental calcium intake for the prevention of hypertension is still debated. We conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to determine the effect of calcium supplementation on BP. A systematic search for randomized trials of calcium supplementation and BP in non-pregnant subjects was performed in Medline from 1966 to June 2003. Seventy-one trials were identified, 40 of which met the criteria for meta-analysis (total of 2492 subjects). Two persons independently extracted data from original publications on changes in calcium intake and BP. In addition, data were collected on subjects' characteristics, that is, age, gender, initial BP and initial calcium intake. A random effects model was used to obtain the effect of calcium supplementation on BP, overall and in predefined population subgroups. Calcium supplementation (mean daily dose: 1200 mg) reduced systolic BP by À1.86 mm Hg (95% confidence interval: À2.91 to À0.81) and diastolic BP by À0.99 mm Hg (À1.61 to À0.37). In people with a relatively low calcium intake (p800 mg per day) somewhat larger BP estimates were obtained, that is, À2.63 (À4.03 to À1.24) for systolic BP and À1.30 (À2.13 to À0.47) for diastolic BP. Our study suggests that an adequate intake of calcium should be recommended for the prevention of hypertension. More research on BP in people with calcium-deficient diets is warranted.

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“…This type of dietary assessment is widely used in international epidemiological studies. 10,26,27 Macronutrients (protein, fat and carbohydrate) and fibre were calculated, and micronutrients (such as calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium and phosphorus), vitamins (such as A, B 6 , B 12 , C, D, E and biotin) and cholesterol were calculated in the appropriate units, using a computer programme based on the South African food composition tables. 28 Statistical analysis All processed data were transferred to Excel and further statistically analysed by means of the software computer package STATISTICA.…”

Section: Dietary Intakementioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary risk markers that contribute to the aetiology of hypertension in black South African children: the THUSA BANA study

Schutte¹,

Rooyen²,

Huisman³

et al. 2003

J Hum Hypertens

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Although clinical hypertension occurs less frequently in children than in adults, ample evidence supports the concept that the roots of essential hypertension extend back to childhood. Since little is available in the literature on causal dietary factors of hypertension in children, this study hypothesised that certain dietary factors can be identified as risk markers that might contribute to the aetiology of hypertension in black children. Children aged 10-15 years were randomly selected from 30 schools in the North West Province from 2000 to 2001. These children comprised 321 black males and 373 females from rural to urbanised communities, of which 40 male and 79 female subjects were identified with high-normal to hypertensive blood pressure. Blood pressure was measured with a Finapres apparatus and data were analysed with the Fast Modelflo software program to provide systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressure. A 24-h dietary recall questionnaire and weight and height measurements were taken.In a stepwise regression analysis, the following variables were significantly associated (Pp0.05) with blood pressure parameters of hypertensive males: biotin, folic acid, pantothenic acid, zinc and magnesium. Energy, biotin and vitamin A intakes were significantly associated with blood pressure parameters of hypertensive females. No significant dietary markers were indicated for any of the normotensive groups. Dietary intakes of all of these nutrients were well below the dietary reference intakes. In conclusion, the dietary results coupled with the cardiovascular parameters of this study identified folic acid and biotin as risk markers that could contribute to the aetiology of hypertension in black persons. The low intakes of these nutrients, among others, is a matter of serious concern, as is the increasing tendency towards urbanisation.

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Impact of Diet on Blood Pressure and Age-Related Changes in Blood Pressure in the US Population

Cited by 151 publications

References 40 publications

Factor analysis of possible risks for hypertension in a black South African population

Factor analysis of possible risks for hypertension in a black South African population

Blood pressure response to calcium supplementation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Dietary risk markers that contribute to the aetiology of hypertension in black South African children: the THUSA BANA study

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