Impact of different energies of precipitating particles on NOx generation in the middle and upper atmosphere during geomagnetic storms

Turunen, Esa; Verronen, Pekka T.; Seppälä, Annika; Rodger, Craig J.; Clilverd, Mark A.; Tamminen, J.; Enell, Carl‐Fredrik; Ulich, Thomas

doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2008.07.005

Cited by 204 publications

(261 citation statements)

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“…Enhanced loss fluxes are associated with geomagnetic storms, which can occur randomly, and also with periodicities ranging from the ∼ 27 day solar rotation to the 11-year solar cycle, and even to multidecadal timescales. The altitudes at which precipitating electrons deposit their momentum are dependent on their energy spectrum, with lower energy particles impacting the atmosphere at altitudes higher than those with higher energies (e.g., Turunen et al, 2009). Auroral electrons, originating principally from the plasma sheet, have energies < 10 keV and affect the lower thermosphere (95-120 km).…”

Section: Geomagnetic Forcing (Auroral and Radiation Belt Electrons)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Solar forcing for CMIP6 (v3.2)

et al. 2017

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Abstract. This paper describes the recommended solar forcing dataset for CMIP6 and highlights changes with respect to CMIP5. The solar forcing is provided for radiative properties, namely total solar irradiance (TSI), solar spectral irradiance (SSI), and the F10.7 index as well as particle forcing, including geomagnetic indices Ap and Kp, and ionization rates to account for effects of solar protons, electrons, and galactic cosmic rays. This is the first time that a recommendation for solar-driven particle forcing has been provided for a CMIP exercise. The solar forcing datasets are provided at daily and monthly resolution separately for the CMIP6 preindustrial control, historical (1850CMIP6 preindustrial control, historical ( -2014, and future (2015-2300) simulations. For the preindustrial control simulation, both constant and time-varying solar forcing components are provided, with the latter including variability on 11-year and shorter timescales but no long-term changes. For the future, we provide a realistic scenario of what solar behavior could be, as well as an additional extreme Maunderminimum-like sensitivity scenario. This paper describes the forcing datasets and also provides detailed recommendations as to their implementation in current climate models.For the historical simulations, the TSI and SSI time series are defined as the average of two solar irradiance models that are adapted to CMIP6 needs: an empirical onePublished by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. A new and lower TSI value is recommended: the contemporary solar-cycle average is now 1361.0 W m −2 . The slight negative trend in TSI over the three most recent solar cycles in the CMIP6 dataset leads to only a small global radiative forcing of −0.04 W m −2 . In the 200-400 nm wavelength range, which is important for ozone photochemistry, the CMIP6 solar forcing dataset shows a larger solar-cycle variability contribution to TSI than in CMIP5 (50 % compared to 35 %).We compare the climatic effects of the CMIP6 solar forcing dataset to its CMIP5 predecessor by using timeslice experiments of two chemistry-climate models and a reference radiative transfer model. The differences in the long-term mean SSI in the CMIP6 dataset, compared to CMIP5, impact on climatological stratospheric conditions (lower shortwave heating rates of −0.35 K day −1 at the stratopause), cooler stratospheric temperatures (−1.5 K in the upper stratosphere), lower ozone abundances in the lower stratosphere (−3 %), and higher ozone abundances (+1.5 % in the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere). Between the maximum and minimum phases of the 11-year solar cycle, there is an increase in shortwave heating rates (+0.2 K day −1 at the stratopause), temperatures (∼ 1 K at the stratopause), and ozone (+2.5 % in the upper stratosphere) in the tropical upper stratosphere using the CMIP6 forcing dataset. This solar-cycle response is slightly larger, but not statistically significantly different from that for the CMIP5 forcing dataset.CMIP6 models wi...

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Section: Geomagnetic Forcing (Auroral and Radiation Belt Electrons)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Solar forcing for CMIP6 (v3.2)

et al. 2017

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“…This can occur by direct precipitation of charged particles into the mesosphere that increase NO x levels by up to 2.6 gigamoles per year (e.g. Turunen et al, 2009;Randall et al, 2006) and enhance HO x levels by 100 % (e.g. Verronen et al, 2011), locally depressing O 3 levels due to catalytic reactions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric ozone above Troll station, Antarctica observed by a ground based microwave radiometer

Daae

Straub

Espy

et al. 2014

Earth Syst. Sci. Data

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Abstract. This paper describes the stratospheric and mesospheric ozone profiles retrieved from spectral measurements of the 249.96 GHz O 3 line, using the British Antarctic Survey's ground-based Microwave Radiometer at Troll (BAS-MRT), Antarctica (72• 01 S, 02• 32 E, 62• Mlat). The instrument operated at Troll from February 2008 through January 2010, and hourly averaged spectra were used to retrieve approximately 20 ozone profiles per day. The ozone profiles cover the pressure range from 3 hPa to 0.02 hPa (approximately 38 to 72 km) which includes the topside of the stratospheric ozone layer and the peak of the tertiary maximum. Comparing the retrieved ozone volume mixing ratio (vmr) values to Aura/MLS and SD-WACCM shows no significant bias to within the instrumental uncertainties. The long-term variations (> 20 days) between MLS and SD-WACCM agree well with BAS-MRT at all altitudes with significant correlation coefficients of at least 0.9 (0.7 with SD-WACCM) in the upper stratosphere and middle mesosphere. A weaker correlation is found for the long-term variations in summer when most of the vmr values are below the random noise level of Aura/MLS. The correlation of short-term variations (< 20 days) between MLS and BAS-MRT agree well at all altitudes with significant correlation coefficients of at least 0.7 in the upper stratosphere and middle mesosphere. The ozone profiles retrieved at Troll, Antarctica extend the sparse data coverage of middle atmospheric ozone above Antarctica, where, due to the dynamic nature of the ozone concentrations, systematic observations with a high temporal resolution are desirable. The O 3 profiles presented here are stored at the UK's Polar Data Centre (http://doi.org/nc3) and are available for public scientific use.

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“…Study of the precipitation process has recently got immense attention from the space and climate research point of view. Not only will it help us to understand dynamics of the radiation belts and related energetic electron flux evolution but also may provide a viable mechanism to explain the link between the atmospheric precipitation of solar energetic particles and polar climate Variability (S. Kirkwood et al, 2015;Rodger et al, 2013;Turunen et al, 2009;Seppala et al, 2007).…”

Section: Charged Particle Precipitation During Geomagnetic Disturbancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

India's Contribution to Geomagnetism and Allied Studies in Antarctica-A Review

Sinha

2017

Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy

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In this paper, we review the progress in Geomagnetism and allied areas based on the past thirty five Indian Antarctic expeditions and summarize the scientific results obtained in the last decade. Various dynamic processes in the near-Earth space environment, driven by the transient changes in geomagnetic field such as storms and substorms, severely affect the space weather over the Polar Regions. Magnetopsheric substorms lead to the intensification of ionospheric currents and auroral outbursts within the auroral oval, causing energetic charged particles in the auroral region to come down to D-region ionosphere, which is reflected as Cosmic Noise Absorption (CNA) as monitored by imaging RIOmeter at Indian Antarctic station, Maitri (Geog. 70.75 o S, 11.73 o E; Geom. 66.84 o S, 56.29 o E). A systematic rapid decline in The Earth's complex main magnetic field at Maitri (~110 nT/yr) is important for monitoring the evolution of reverse magnetic flux patches due to physical processes occurring in the outer core of the Earth. The Global Electric Circuit (GEC) studies were started to understand the solar-terrestrial relationship and associated changes in surface weather and the near-earth electrical environment. Schumann resonances (SRs), the AC part of GEC reveal a strong UT variation of amplitude in seasonal as well as yearly time scales. The observed diurnal variation is explained in terms of the dominant thunderstorm activity centered over the three convectively active regions, viz. Asia/Maritime Continent (Indonesia), South America and Africa.The velocity and strain distribution of Schirmarchaer Glacier was investigated during two GPS campaigns in the year 2003 and 2004. The studies indicate that the horizontal velocity is in the range of 1.89-10.88 ma -1 with an average velocity of 6.21 ma -1 .

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Impact of different energies of precipitating particles on NOx generation in the middle and upper atmosphere during geomagnetic storms

Cited by 204 publications

References 63 publications

Solar forcing for CMIP6 (v3.2)

Solar forcing for CMIP6 (v3.2)

Atmospheric ozone above Troll station, Antarctica observed by a ground based microwave radiometer

India's Contribution to Geomagnetism and Allied Studies in Antarctica-A Review

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