Impact of Dry Eye Disease on Work Productivity, and Patients' Satisfaction With Over-the-Counter Dry Eye Treatments

Nichols, Kelly K.; Bacharach, Jason; Holland, Edward J.; Kislan, Thomas P.; Shettle, Lee; Lunacsek, Orsolya; Lennert, Barb; Burk, Caroline; Patel, Vaishali

doi:10.1167/iovs.16-19419

Cited by 74 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…-Work capacity: Many published works support dry eye disease to have negative effects on concentration [7,8] and decreased productivity [1,13,14]. More specifically, studies found dry eye to reduce workplace [13,14] and nonjob related [13] performances and create substantial loss to work industry [14].…”

Section: Level Of Independence -Activities Of Daily Livingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…-Participation in and opportunities for recreation/ leisure: Dry eye disease can negatively affect nonjob related [13] activities including sports where fluctuating visual acuity due to poor tear film dynamics can compromise one's accuracy of visual tracking and fixation ability on moving targets whilst incorporating hand eye coordination.…”

Section: Environmental Impact -Financial Resourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The negative effects of dry eye disease on quality of life and visual function

Guo¹,

Akpek²

2020

Turk J Med Sci

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In recent years, dry eye has become a hot topic within ophthalmology and optometry, especially in regards to new frontiers in treatment modalities which include novel devices, procedures, and medications. However, some of the more understudied areas in dry eye involve its impact on quality of life. Although ocular discomfort symptoms are well known to be associated with dry eye, its negative effects on visual function remain underrecognized. This paper reviews these topics within the currently published literature to heighten awareness among clinicians.

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Section: Level Of Independence -Activities Of Daily Livingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Environmental Impact -Financial Resourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The negative effects of dry eye disease on quality of life and visual function

Guo¹,

Akpek²

2020

Turk J Med Sci

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“…Although the recall periods may differ, it is striking that the self‐reported prevalence of DE symptoms in offices roughly has remained the same during the last three decades, despite the continuous development of low‐emitting building materials and consumer products, and the advancement of ventilation strategies. The high prevalence of DE symptoms results in substantial productivity work loss or disruption in the order of some percentage; furthermore, DE symptoms deteriorate quality of life …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

External eye symptoms in indoor environments

Wolkoff

2016

Indoor Air

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Eye irritation, for example dry or irritated eyes, is generally among top three reported symptoms in office-like environments, in particular among workplaces with cognitive demanding visual display unit (VDU) work. The symptoms are especially among middle and advanced ages and particularly among women more than men. The symptoms are also among the most commonly reported complaints in the eye clinic. To be in a position to interpret the high prevalence of eye symptoms, a multidisciplinary and integrated approach is necessary that involves the external eye physiology (separate from internal eye effects), eye diseases (evaporative dry eye (DE), aqueous-deficient DE, and gland dysfunctions), and risk factors that aggravate the stability of precorneal tear film (PTF) resulting in hyperosmolarity and initiation of inflammatory reactions. Indoor environmental, occupational and personal risk factors may aggravate the PTF stability; factors such as age, contact lenses, cosmetics, diet, draft, gender, low humidity and high temperature, medication, outdoor and combustion pollutants, and VDU work.Psychological stressors may further influence the reporting behavior of eye symptoms.The impact of the risk factors may occur in a combined and exacerbating manner. The symptoms are also among the most commonly reported complaints in the eye clinic, 8 and dry eye disease (DED) is the most common cause of chronic eye irritation in patients over age of 50. 9,10 These external symptoms, as opposed to internal symptoms such as tired or strained eyes (asthenopia) as already described by Dante in 1304-1307, 11 are categorized as dry eye (DE)-like symptoms.12 The symptoms are especially among middle and advanced ages throughout the world and expected to increase due to visually highly demanding workplaces increase continuously and so does the average age of the workforce.Indoor air pollution and low relative humidity (RH) have been proposed to explain the external DE symptoms; furthermore, a number of occupational and personal risk factors have been suggested to exacerbate the symptom reporting. 13 For instance, high ozone concentrations, especially in aircraft, have been proposed to initiate both gas (homogeneous) and surface (heterogeneous) reactions with reactive substances to produce a complex host of gas-and particle-phase products, for example formaldehyde. 14-16 The key question in search of causality for DE symptoms in office workers is how important indoor air pollution is in comparison with occupational, environmental, and personal risk factors. For instance, reported DE symptoms among young and middle-aged Japanese office workers were significantly higher among those with clinically diagnosed DED (12%) than in those with probable (54%) or undiagnosed DED (34%);

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“…2,31,32 MGD is the leading cause of DED in the United States and elsewhere in the developed world, affecting 5% to 30% of the population aged 50 or older. 3,33 Age-related changes in human MGs include primary acinar atrophy and/or inspissation of MG orifices leading to decreased meibum secretion. MG atrophy and dropout can apparently occur as early as 25 years of age, and the extent of these pathogenic changes increases significantly and approximately linearly with age.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The prevalence of DED is estimated to be 7% to 34% of the US population, and the number of affected persons is increasing with the aging of our population. 1–3 The hallmark of DED is tear film instability, caused by a reduction of aqueous tear secretion, and an increase in tear evaporation, either alone or in combination. 1,4 The most common cause of evaporative DED is meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD), which is associated with a decrease in the quantity and/or quality of lipids in tear film.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 (FGFR2) Is Required for Meibomian Gland Homeostasis in the Adult Mouse

Reneker

Wang

Irlmeier

et al. 2017

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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PurposeLittle is known about the signaling mechanisms controlling meibomian gland (MG) homeostasis and the pathogenic processes leading to MG atrophy and dysfunction in dry eye disease (DED). We investigated the role of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) in the MG homeostasis of adult mice.MethodsA triple transgenic mouse strain (Krt14-rtTA; tetO-Cre; Fgfr2flox/flox), referred to as Fgfr2CKO mice, was generated in which the Fgfr2 gene is ablated by Cre recombinase in keratin 14 (Krt14)-expressing epithelial cells on doxycycline (Dox) induction. FGFR2 expression in normal human and mouse MGs was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Pathologic MG changes in transgenic mice with conditional deletion of FGFR2 were examined by lipid staining, histology, and immunostaining.ResultsFGFR2 was highly expressed in normal human MGs and adult mouse MGs. Two-month-old Fgfr2CKO mice fed Dox-containing chow for 2 weeks developed severe MG atrophy. MG acinar atrophy in the Fgfr2CKO mice was associated with reduced lipid (meibum) production and the development of clinical findings similar to those in humans with evaporative DED related to MG dysfunction (MGD). Immunohistochemical analyses showed that FGFR2 deletion severely affected proliferation and differentiation of MG acinar cells but affected MG ductal cells to a lesser extent.ConclusionsFGFR2 deletion results in significant MG acinar atrophy and clinical manifestations of MGD in Fgfr2CKO mice, suggesting that MG homeostasis is FGFR2 dependent. The Fgfr2CKO mice with inducible MG atrophy can serve as a valuable animal model for investigating the pathogenesis of MGD and developing novel therapeutic strategies for MGD-related DED.

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Impact of Dry Eye Disease on Work Productivity, and Patients' Satisfaction With Over-the-Counter Dry Eye Treatments

Cited by 74 publications

References 32 publications

The negative effects of dry eye disease on quality of life and visual function

The negative effects of dry eye disease on quality of life and visual function

External eye symptoms in indoor environments

Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 (FGFR2) Is Required for Meibomian Gland Homeostasis in the Adult Mouse

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