Impact of Early Life Factors on Metabolic Phenotypes of Obesity in Preschool Children

Abstract

OBJECTIVE To investigate the impact of factors in the first 1,000 days of life on metabolic phenotypes of obesity in preschool children in a cohort study. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We recruited 3-year-old children for the study. Early life factors included maternal age at delivery, maternal education, prepregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain, gravidity, history of gestational diabetes mellitus, delivery mode, gestational age, family history of metabolic disorders, paternal education, annual family income, child sex, birth weight, and breastfeeding duration. According to BMI and metabolic status, children were classified as metabolically healthy (no metabolic risk factors) with normal weight (MHNW), metabolically unhealthy (one or more metabolic risk factors) with normal weight (MUNW), metabolically healthy with overweight or obesity (MHO), and metabolically unhealthy with overweight or obesity (MUO). RESULTS We recruited 3,822 children for the study, with 3,015 analyzed. Accelerated BMI z score growth rate between 6 and 24 months was associated with MHO (β = 0.022; 95% CI 0.009, 0.036) and MUO (β = 0.037; 95% CI 0.018, 0.056). Maternal overweight (odds ratio [OR] 3.16; 95% CI 1.55, 6.42) and obesity (OR 8.14; 95% CI 3.73, 17.76) before pregnancy and macrosomia (OR 2.47; 95% CI 1.32, 4.59) were associated with MHO, and maternal obesity before pregnancy (OR 6.35; 95% CI 2.17, 18.52) increased the risk of MUO. CONCLUSIONS Early life factors, such as maternal obesity and accelerated BMI growth rate between 6 and 24 months, were related not only to MHO but also to MUO. Children with these early life factors should be given interventions for weight control to prevent metabolic abnormalities.

Global, Regional, and National Epidemiology of Diabetes in Children From 1990 to 2019

“…Recently, the global epidemic of childhood obesity has led to an increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in children . The main underlying factors are obesity and poor lifestyle (eg, sedentary living), and most affected children have a parental history of T2D . Obesity, the most prominent risk factor for T2D, requires lifestyle modifications (eg, nutrition and exercise) beginning in childhood .…”

“…[1][2][3] The main underlying factors are obesity and poor lifestyle (eg, sedentary living), and most affected children have a parental history of T2D. [3][4][5][6] Obesity, the most prominent risk factor for T2D, requires lifestyle modifications (eg, nutrition and exercise) beginning in childhood. 3,6 The increasing incidence of T2D has not influenced the incidence of T1D, which steadily increases during childhood and adolescence; it is currently 22.9 new cases per 100 000 people younger than 15 years of age per year.…”