Impact of Earthquakes and Tsunamis on the Ionosphere

Шалимов, С. Л.; Рожной, А.; Соловьева, М. С.; Ol’shanskaya, E. V.

doi:10.1134/s1069351319010087

Cited by 18 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Near the epicenter, IGWs propagate due to variations in the crust of the earth and sea level. Far from the epicenter, IGWs propagate due to variations in the sea level [28,30]. The relative contribution of the tsunami-driven IGWs, as compared to IGWs generated by the earthquake itself, deserves further research [28].…”

Section: Tec δmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alternative Approach for Tsunami Early Warning Indicated by Gravity Wave Effects on Ionosphere

et al. 2021

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The rapid displacement of the ocean floor during large ocean earthquakes or volcanic eruptions causes the propagation of tsunami waves on the surface of the ocean, and consequently internal gravity waves (IGWs) in the atmosphere. IGWs pierce through the troposphere and into the ionospheric layer. In addition to transferring energy to the ionosphere, they cause significant variations in ionospheric parameters, so they have considerable effects on the propagation of radio waves through this dispersive medium. In this study, double-frequency measurements of the Global Positioning System (GPS) and ionosonde data were used to determine the ionospheric disturbances and irregularities in response to the tsunami induced by the 2011 Tohoku earthquake. The critical frequency of the F2 layer (foF2) data obtained from the ionosonde data also showed clear disturbances that were consistent with the GPS observations. IGWs and tsunami waves have similar propagation properties, and IGWs were detected about 25 min faster than tsunami waves in GPS ground stations at the United States west coast, located about 7900 km away from the tsunami’s epicenter. As IGWs have a high vertical propagation velocity, and propagate obliquely into the atmosphere, IGWs can also be used for tsunami early warning. To further investigate the spatial variation in ionospheric electron density (IED), ionospheric profiles from FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC (F3/C) satellites were investigated for both reference and observation periods. During the tsunami, the reduction in IED started from 200 km and continued up to 272 km altitude. The minimum observed reduction was 2.68 × 105 el/cm3, which has happened at 222 km altitude. The IED increased up to 767 km altitude continuously, such that the maximum increase was 3.77 × 105 el/cm3 at 355 km altitude.

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Section: Tec δmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alternative Approach for Tsunami Early Warning Indicated by Gravity Wave Effects on Ionosphere

et al. 2021

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“…It was assumed that this coupling can occur through the acoustic channel performed by acoustic-gravity waves (AGWs) [Gokhberg and Shalimov 2000;Pulinets and Ouzounov 2011;Klimenko et al 2011] although the generation mechanism of AGWs by a pre-earthquake activity is not clear. While the AGW energy generated during earthquake shock and tsunamis is known to be sufficient to cause the ionospheric response [Astafyeva et al 2014;Jin et al 2015;Shalimov et al 2019;Sorokin et al 2019], the generation of AGWs by some pre-earthquake activity is still difficult to explain [Hayakawa et al 2007].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can seismogenic atmospheric current influence the ionosphere?

Surkov,

Pilipenko

2024

Annals of Geophysics

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The question of whether earthquake precursors can arise in the ionosphere is of a special interest in geophysics. Despite numerous encouraging reports on seismo-ionospheric effects, the mechanism of the lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling (LAIC) during the crust destruction phase was not revealed yet. One of hypothesis assumes that a seismogenic current transfers an abnormal electric field from the near-surface atmosphere to the ionosphere prior to an earthquake occurrence. This current can be caused by the air ionization due to enhancement of radon gas emission from the soil or upward movement of charged atmospheric aerosols. Here we present a theoretical model of the spatial structure of the electric field in the atmosphere and bottom ionosphere driven by a vertical external current in the lower atmosphere. Perturbation of electric field in the ionosphere has been derived in the approximation of the "thin" E-layer. Simple analytical estimates have been obtained that relate the horizontal electric field in the ionosphere, vertical electric field on the ground, and parameters of the external current. The electric field attenuation with altitude is caused by the increase of atmospheric conductivity and the horizontal spreading of current. The estimates obtained enable one to evaluate the feasibility of anomalous variations of electric fields in the ionosphere related to forthcoming earthquakes. The analysis has shown that the hypothesis on aerosol upward convection as a cause of ionospheric anomalies seems unrealistic. To interpret the occurrence of significant ionospheric anomalies it would be necessary to assume the presence of too large currents and electric fields in the lower atmosphere that had never been observed during non-thunderstorm periods.

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“…The sources of such waves in the lower atmosphere may be different. For example, it may be the mesoscale turbulence, convection [5,11], disturbances arising in the atmosphere due to stationary incoming air streams flowing around mountains (orography effects) [12,13], earthquakes and seismic activity [7,14,15], the passage of the solar terminator and solar eclipse [16][17][18][19][20], meteorological disturbances and typhoon [1,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disturbances of the Thermosphere and the Ionosphere during a Meteorological Storm

et al. 2021

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Determination of the physical mechanisms of energy transfer of tropospheric disturbances to the ionosphere is one of the fundamental problems of atmospheric physics. This article presents the results of observations carried out using two-wavelength lidar sensing at tropospheric altitudes and satellite GPS measurements during a meteorological storm in Kaliningrad (Russia, 54.7° N, 20.5° E) on 1 April 2016. During lidar sensing, it was found that the amplitudes of variations in atmospheric parameters with periods of acoustic (AWs) and internal gravity (IGWs) waves significantly increased. As a result of numerical modeling using the AtmoSym software package, it was shown that there is a noticeable increase in the period of temperature disturbances from 6–12 min to 10–17 min at altitudes from 150 km up to 230 km during the vertical propagation of acoustic waves and internal gravity waves from the troposphere. Nonlinear and dissipative processes in this layer lead to the formation of sources of secondary waves in the thermosphere with periods longer than those of primary ones. In this case, the unsteady nature of the wave source and the short duration of its operation does not lead to significant heating of the thermosphere. Simultaneous satellite observations demonstrate the response of the ionosphere (total electron content (TEC) disturbance) to tropospheric disturbances. Analysis of the time series of the amplitudes of the reflected lidar signal and TEC made it possible to determine that the response time of the ionosphere to tropospheric disturbances is 30–40 min.

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Impact of Earthquakes and Tsunamis on the Ionosphere

Cited by 18 publications

References 27 publications

Alternative Approach for Tsunami Early Warning Indicated by Gravity Wave Effects on Ionosphere

Alternative Approach for Tsunami Early Warning Indicated by Gravity Wave Effects on Ionosphere

Can seismogenic atmospheric current influence the ionosphere?

Disturbances of the Thermosphere and the Ionosphere during a Meteorological Storm

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