Impact of education and place of residence on the risk of hypertension in three middle-aged populations in Lower Silesia in Poland

Sexual dimorphism in socioeconomic differences regarding the risk factors, symptomatology and management of patients with stable coronary artery disease in Poland

“…Thus, on the contrary to the European population [9], in Poland, SES gradients in mean DBP and SBP are found in women instead of men. This finding is in accordance with trends seen in the general Polish population, where low level of education was reported to be associated with higher risk of hypertension in women but not in men [12]. Furthermore, the relationship between low education level and BMI, in our analysis, is present only in women, when EUROASPIRE II sub-study showed such a regularity for both sexes.…”

“…It is not obvious if such associations are present in Eastern European countries due to economic, education and healthcare differences. Although several cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia were found to be more prevalent in low educated Polish women [12,13] and higher cardiovascular mortality was shown in low educated citizens of Warsaw and Tarnobrzeg [14]. Nevertheless, the aforementioned studies were limited to the analysis of few factors in the selected local communities, so it is not possible to assign these results to the whole Polish population.…”

“…Further, there is a clear sexual dimorphism seen in European population regarding epidemiology, symptomatology, treatment and outcomes of CAD [15][16][17]. There are also well known gender differences in SES gradients regarding the prevalence of hypertension and metabolic syndrome in Poland [12,13], hence it is justified to analyze men and women separately.…”