Impact of Electric Vehicle Charging Station Load on Distribution Network

Deb, Sanchari; Tammi, Kari; Kalita, Karuna; Mahanta, P.

doi:10.3390/en11010178

Cited by 332 publications

(194 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The other way around; if energy production would shift to fossil fuels such as oil or coal, the impact per kilometer would significantly exceed the impact of conventional cars. This is shown in Figure 11, for which the 40 kWh EV's impact is distinguished per energy production source (based on [42]). A drastic shift to renewable sources would thus mean the well-to-tank emissions for EVs could be marginalized, which will also have a substantial impact on the other three discussed midpoint indicators.…”

Section: The Electricity Production MIXmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A drastic shift to renewable sources would thus mean the well-to-tank emissions for EVs could be marginalized, which will also have a substantial impact on the other three discussed midpoint indicators. (based on [42]). A drastic shift to renewable sources would thus mean the well-to-tank emissions for EVs could be marginalized, which will also have a substantial impact on the other three discussed midpoint indicators.…”

Section: The Electricity Production MIXmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although this option creates a lesser burden for the EV user in terms of charging time, the challenge remains to limit the impact of charging rates >50 kW have on the cycle-life of the respective battery packs. Moreover, fast-chargers put a substantial strain on the available power grid [42,43] , if they are not coupled to a local storage system, consisting of second-life batteries or supercapacitors that are charged when power demand is low. For these reasons, a concept of in-life modularity is proposed in this paper, consisting of a range-extender trailer that can be connected to an EV.…”

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confidence: 99%

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In-Life Range Modularity for Electric Vehicles: The Environmental Impact of a Range-Extender Trailer System

et al. 2018

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Abstract:Purpose: In the light of decarbonizing the passenger car sector, several technologies are available today. In this paper, we distinguish plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV), electric vehicles (EV) with a modest battery capacity of 40 kWh, and long-range EVs with 90 kWh installed. Given that the average motorist only rarely performs long-distance trips, both the PHEV and the 90 kWh EV are considered to be over-dimensioned for their purpose, although consumers tend to perceive the 40 kWh EV's range as too limiting. Therefore, in-life range modularity by means of occasionally using a range-extender trailer for a 40 kWh EV is proposed, based on either a petrol generator as a short-term solution or a 50 kWh battery pack. Method: A life cycle assessment (LCA) is presented for comparing the different powertrains for their environmental impact, with the emphasis on local air quality and climate change. Therefore, the combination of a 40 kWh EV and the trailer options is benchmarked with a range of conventional cars and EVs, differentiated per battery capacity. Next, the local impact per technology is discussed on a well-to-wheel base for the specific situation in Belgium, with specific attention given to the contribution of non-exhaust emissions of PM due to brake, tyre, and road wear. Results: From a life cycle point of view, the trailer concepts outperform the 90 kWh EV for the discussed midpoint indicators as the latter is characterized by a high manufacturing impact and by a mass penalty resulting in higher contributions to non-exhaust PM formation. Compared to a petrol PHEV, both trailers are found to have higher contributions to diminished local air quality, given the relatively low use phase impact of petrol combustion. Concerning human toxicity, the impact is proportional to battery size, although the battery trailer performs better than the 90 kWh EV due to its occasional application rather than carrying along such high capacity all the time. For climate change, we see a clear advantage of both the petrol and the battery trailer, with reductions ranging from one-third to nearly sixty percent, respectively. Conclusion: Whereas electrified powertrains have the potential to add to better urban air quality, their life cycle impact cannot be neglected as battery manufacturing remains a substantial contributor to the EV's overall impact. Therefore, in-life range modularity helps to reduce this burden by offering an extended range only when it is needed. This is relevant to bridge the years up until cleaner battery chemistries break through, while the energy production sector increases the implementation of renewables. Petrol generator trailers are no long-term solution but should be seen as an intermediate means until battery technology costs have further dropped to make it economically feasible to commercialize battery trailer range-extenders. Next, active regulation is required for non-exhaust PM emissions as they could dominate locally in the future if more renewables would be applied in the electrici...

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Section: The Electricity Production MIXmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Electricity Production MIXmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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In-Life Range Modularity for Electric Vehicles: The Environmental Impact of a Range-Extender Trailer System

et al. 2018

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“…Therefore, charging stations with high voltage should be arranged so that they can be used conveniently by the users. However, the high load of the charging station can cause increased peak load demand resulting in voltage instability and reliability problems [2]. To avoid this problem, it is necessary to know real-time energy consumption by the EV charging stations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Constraint-Aware Electricity Consumption Estimation for Prevention of Overload by Electric Vehicle Charging Station

Ahn¹,

Jo²,

Kang³

2019

Energies

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An increase in the number of electrical vehicles has resulted in an increase in the number of electrical vehicle charging stations. As a result, the electricity load consumed by charging stations has become large enough to de-stabilize the electricity supply system. Therefore, real-time monitoring of how much electricity each charging station is consuming has become very much important. However, only limited information such as charging time is available from the operators of electric vehicle charging stations. The actual electricity consumption data is not provided in real time. Conventional methods estimate the accumulated electricity consumption of charging stations using a linear regression curve. However, an estimate of the electricity consumption for each charge is needed. In this paper, we propose an advanced electricity estimation system which predicts the energy consumption for each charge. The proposed method uses a constraint-aware non-linear regression curve, and performs additional data selection processes. The experimental results show that the proposed system achieves about 73% regression accuracy. In addition, the proposed system can display the energy consumption per hour and visualize this information on a map. This makes it possible to monitor the electricity consumption of the charging stations in real-time and by location, which helps to select appropriate locations where new vehicle charging stations need to be installed.

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“…Moreover, due to the different nature of EV loads (slow and fast battery charging stations), one-phase and two-phase connections may increase system unbalance producing additional losses. A recent study about the impact of the placement of fast charging stations in distribution systems showed a power loss increase of 85% [2] with respect to a base layer with no EV integration. Therefore, some conceptual and regulatory questions can be raised about the EV impacts on the increase of energy losses in distribution networks:…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Loss Allocation in Smart Distribution Systems with Electric Vehicle Integration

2018

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This paper presents a three-phase loss allocation procedure for distribution networks. The key contribution of the paper is the computation of specific marginal loss coefficients (MLCs) per bus and per phase expressly considering non-linear load models for Electric Vehicles (EV).The method was applied in a unbalanced 12.47 kV feeder with 12,780 households and 1000 EVs under peak and off-peak load conditions. Results obtained were also compared with the traditional roll-in embedded allocation procedure (pro rata) using non-linear and standard constant power models. Results show the influence of the non-linear load model in the energy losses allocated. This result highlights the importance of considering an appropriate EV load model to appraise the overall losses encouraging the use and further development of the methodology

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Impact of Electric Vehicle Charging Station Load on Distribution Network

Cited by 332 publications

References 28 publications

In-Life Range Modularity for Electric Vehicles: The Environmental Impact of a Range-Extender Trailer System

In-Life Range Modularity for Electric Vehicles: The Environmental Impact of a Range-Extender Trailer System

Constraint-Aware Electricity Consumption Estimation for Prevention of Overload by Electric Vehicle Charging Station

Energy Loss Allocation in Smart Distribution Systems with Electric Vehicle Integration

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