Impact of electronic cigarette heating coil resistance on the production of reactive carbonyls, reactive oxygen species and induction of cytotoxicity in human lung cancer cells in vitro

Cirillo, Silvia; Urena, Jose; Lambert, Joshua D.; Vivarelli, Fabio; Canistro, Donatella; Paolini, Moreno; Cardenia, Vladimiro; Rodríguez‐Estrada, Maria Teresa; Richie, John P.; Elias, Ryan J.

doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104500

Cited by 35 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…These results are in line with another study that used a 50/50 PG/VG (without nicotine) e-liquid and showed increased levels of acetaldehyde, formaldehyde and acrolein produced with atomizers' resistance of 0.25 vs. 1.5 Ω and 3.5 V applied to the e-cig device [16]. Interestingly, they also found that for the same e-liquid to which 18% of nicotine was added, the levels of acetaldehyde and formaldehyde in the e-cig aerosol were significantly higher when produced with the atomizer of 1.5 Ω compared to 0.25 Ω [16]. In addition, overall, the levels of carbonyls produced with the e-liquid containing no nicotine were substantially higher than those generated with the 18% nicotine-containing e-liquid [16].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…This indicates that for butter-flavored e-cig aerosols, carbonyl levels increase when increasing power is applied to the e-cig device, since P = V 2 /R, where P is power in watts, V is voltage in volts, and R is resistance in ohms [24]. These results are in line with another study that used a 50/50 PG/VG (without nicotine) e-liquid and showed increased levels of acetaldehyde, formaldehyde and acrolein produced with atomizers' resistance of 0.25 vs. 1.5 Ω and 3.5 V applied to the e-cig device [16]. Interestingly, they also found that for the same e-liquid to which 18% of nicotine was added, the levels of acetaldehyde and formaldehyde in the e-cig aerosol were significantly higher when produced with the atomizer of 1.5 Ω compared to 0.25 Ω [16].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Studies of human bronchial epithelial cells exposed to e-cig aerosol at the air-liquid interface (ALI) showed that compared to air-controls, e-cig aerosol decreased cell viability, metabolic activity and ciliary beat frequency, while increasing oxidative stress and the release of inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 [13][14][15]. Augmented cellular levels of oxidative stress have been linked to the emission of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from e-cig aerosols [16]. While further in vitro studies are necessary to provide insight into the cellular and molecular toxicity induced by e-cig aerosol, the studies to date strongly suggest that ENDS aerosols may not be 'safe' for lung cells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sub-ohm vaping increases the levels of carbonyls, is cytotoxic, and alters gene expression in human bronchial epithelial cells exposed at the air–liquid interface

et al. 2020

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Background Exposure to electronic-cigarette (e-cig) aerosols induces potentially fatal e-cig or vaping-associated lung injury (EVALI). The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these effects, however, are unknown. We used an air–liquid interface (ALI) in vitro model to determine the influence of two design characteristics of third-generation tank-style e-cig devices—resistance and voltage—on (1) e-cig aerosol composition and (2) cellular toxicity. Methods Human bronchial epithelial cells (H292) were exposed to either butter-flavored or cinnamon-flavored e-cig aerosols at the ALI in a Vitrocell exposure system connected to a third-generation e-cig device. Exposures were conducted following a standard vaping topography profile for 2 h per day, for 1 or 3 consecutive days. 24 h after ALI exposures cellular and molecular outcomes were assessed. Results We found that butter-flavored e-cig aerosol produced under ‘sub-ohm’ conditions (< 0.5 Ω) contains high levels of carbonyls (7–15 μg/puff), including formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acrolein. E-cig aerosol produced under regular vaping conditions (resistance > 1 Ω and voltage > 4.5 V), contains lower carbonyl levels (< 2 μg/puff). We also found that the levels of carbonyls produced in the cinnamon-flavored e-cig aerosols were much lower than that of the butter-flavored aerosols. H292 cells exposed to butter-flavored or cinnamon-flavored e-cig aerosol at the ALI under ‘sub-ohm’ conditions for 1 or 3 days displayed significant cytotoxicity, decreased tight junction integrity, increased reactive oxygen species production, and dysregulated gene expression related to biotransformation, inflammation and oxidative stress (OS). Additionally, the cinnamon-flavored e-cig aerosol induced pro-oxidant effects as evidenced by increases in 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine protein levels. Moreover, we confirmed the involvement of OS as a toxicity process for cinnamon-flavored e-cig aerosol by pre-treating the cells with N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), an antioxidant that prevented the cells from the OS-mediated damage induced by the e-cig aerosol. Conclusion The production of high levels of carbonyls may be flavor specific. Overall, inhaling e-cig aerosols produced under ‘sub-ohm’ conditions is detrimental to lung epithelial cells, potentially via mechanisms associated with OS. This information could help policymakers take the necessary steps to prevent the manufacturing of sub-ohm atomizers for e-cig devices.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sub-ohm vaping increases the levels of carbonyls, is cytotoxic, and alters gene expression in human bronchial epithelial cells exposed at the air–liquid interface

et al. 2020

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“…As the manufacturing variation in coils increases, the potential adverse consequences of changes in HPHC emissions also increases. It has been reported that coils with lower resistance values may have higher negative health impacts [ 23 , 24 , 25 , 27 ]. Therefore, it is essential to develop a full understanding of the manufacturing variation in coil resistance associated with electronic cigarettes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies have shown that coil resistance affects both the amount of vapor generated and constituents. Cirillo et al 2019 [ 23 ] showed that reducing coil resistance leads to higher concentrations of some carbonyls and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Their research also reported that vapor generated by coils with lower resistances has a higher negative impact on cell viability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Method for Quantifying Variation in the Resistance of Electronic Cigarette Coils

Saleh

Hensel

Robinson

2020

IJERPH

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In electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), coil resistance is an important factor in the generation of heat energy used to change e-liquid into vapor. An accurate and unbiased method for testing coil resistance is vital for understanding its effect on emissions and reporting results that are comparable across different types and brands of ENDS and measured in different laboratories. This study proposes a robust, accurate and unbiased method for measuring coil resistance. An apparatus is used which mimics the geometric configuration and assembly of ENDS reservoirs, coils and power control units. The method is demonstrated on two commonly used ENDS devices—the ALTO by Vuse and JUUL. Analysis shows that the proposed method is stable and reliable. The two-wire configuration introduced a positive measurement bias of 0.086 (Ω), which is a significant error for sub-ohm coil designs. The four-wire configuration is far less prone to bias error and is recommended for universal adoption. We observed a significant difference in the coil resistance of 0.593 (Ω) (p < 0.001) between the two products tested. The mean resistance and standard deviation of the reservoir/coil assemblies was shown to be 1.031 (0.067) (Ω) for ALTO and 1.624 (0.033) (Ω) for JUUL. The variation in coil resistance between products and within products can have significant impacts on aerosol emissions.

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Pathogenesis of E‐Cigarette Vaping Product Use‐Associated Lung Injury (EVALI)

Petrache

Gupta

Hume

et al. 2023

Comprehensive Physiology

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Impact of electronic cigarette heating coil resistance on the production of reactive carbonyls, reactive oxygen species and induction of cytotoxicity in human lung cancer cells in vitro

Cited by 35 publications

References 42 publications

Sub-ohm vaping increases the levels of carbonyls, is cytotoxic, and alters gene expression in human bronchial epithelial cells exposed at the air–liquid interface

Sub-ohm vaping increases the levels of carbonyls, is cytotoxic, and alters gene expression in human bronchial epithelial cells exposed at the air–liquid interface

Method for Quantifying Variation in the Resistance of Electronic Cigarette Coils

Pathogenesis of E‐Cigarette Vaping Product Use‐Associated Lung Injury (EVALI)

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