Impact of environmentally relevant concentration of benzophenone-3 on antioxidant enzymes, oxidative stress markers and morphology of gills in Danio rerio (Hamilton)

Abstract

The current investigation intended to evaluate the effect of Benzophenone-3 (BP-3) at the environmentally relevant concentration (44 μg/L) in the gills of Danio rerio through evaluating oxidative stress markers and histopathological analysis. The adult Zebra fish was exposed to BP-3 at environmentally relevant concentration for 45 days. During the experimental period of 15, 30 and 45 days, lipid peroxidation markers like thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and non-enzymatic glutathione (GSH) in the gill and histology of gill were analyzed. The activity of TBARS and H2O2 was found to be significantly higher meanwhile the activities of antioxidant enzymes viz., SOD, CAT, GPx and Glutathione (GSH) level were found to be significantly reduced in the gill of BP-3 treated fish for 30 and 45 days. Additionally, the morphology of gill also showed several abnormal changes in their morphology when compared to control. BP-3 exposure for 15 days elicited only mild alterations in the biochemical and histopathological variables when compared to 30 and 45 days exposure. Further, the values were also non-significant when compared to the control fish. These results demonstrated that the treatment of BP-3 at environmentally relevant concentration could prominently alter the respiratory physiology and metabolism of the gills of Danio rerio.

Potential Nephrotoxic Effect of UV-328 and Its Possible Salvage by Dimethoxy Curcumin in Zebrafish

“…Previous assessments have obviously exhibited that exposure to natural contaminants brought about the increment or decline of GSH levels in test organisms relying upon the species, exposure concentration and duration [6,9,20]. The increased uptake of amino acid substrates and the activities of biosynthetic enzymes to protect organisms from oxidative damage likely contributed to the significant changes in GSH levels found in the UV-328 treated group in this study.…”

“…Our past reports unveiled that constant UV stabilizers exposure prompted assorted biochemical and multiple organ deficits in the zebra fish model [9,6]. Hence, we predicted that persistent exposure to UV-328 at sub lethal level to cause oxidative renotoxicity in grown-up zebrafish and its recuperation through the supplementation of DiMC.…”

“…The explanation may be because of a superfluous quantity of ROS release, beyond what the antioxidant catalysts could dismutate. Comparable outcomes were additionally proclaimed by Velanganni et al [6] in which antioxidant enzymes viz., SOD, CAT and GST levels in the kidney of zebrafish diminished which demonstrating that they took part in the detoxification of UV-328 toxic metabolites. These outcomes demonstrated that GST was engaged with the bio-transformation of UV-328, and the complex of GST and UV-328 was delivered to detoxify the toxics in zebrafish kidney.…”

“…The phase II detoxification metabolic enzyme GST is able to bind the electrophilic groups of xenobiotics to the sulfydryl groups of GSH, making the toxic metabolites more hydrophobic. Lipid peroxidation can be restrained by GST and GPx activity [9]. When zebrafish were exposed to the organic filter UV-328, the activity of renal antioxidant enzymes drastically decreased in comparison to the control group.…”

“…Malondialdehyde (MDA), a final product of lipid peroxidation, can be utilized to examine the level of membrane harm in cells. Furthermore, the over creation of ROS upon persistent openness to UV filters are likewise responsible for the cell reinforcement depletion and disintegration of enzymatic antioxidant safeguard prompting oxidative insult in the tissues of the exposed organisms [6].…”