Impact of Extreme Weather Events on Aboveground Net Primary Productivity and Sheep Production in the Magellan Region, Southernmost Chilean Patagonia

Soto-Rogel, Pamela; Aravena, Juan-Carlos; Meier, Wolfgang Jens-Henrik; Gross, Pamela; Pérez, Claudio F.; González‐Reyes, Álvaro; Grießinger, Jussi

doi:10.3390/geosciences10080318

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…In a recent study, the highest levels of UV radiation on Earth’s surface were recorded at the Paranal Observatory and Chajnantor Plateau, both sites located in the Atacama Desert ( 4 ). Moreover, the regional climate in the Magellanic region is characterized by extreme events with high intensity and acute environmental effects ( 5 ). Organisms that live in these environments are called extremophiles and can live and grow under extreme conditions ( 6 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring perceptions of extreme environments and extremophiles in Chilean schoolchildren: an ethnographic study

Rivera,

Fontana,

Cortes

et al. 2024

Front. Public Health

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Chile is unique because of its diverse extreme environment, ranging from arid climates in the north to polar climates in Patagonia. Microorganisms that live in these environments are called extremophiles, and these habitats experience intense ecosystem changes owing to climate warming. Most studies of extremophiles have focused on their biotechnological potential; however, no study has examined how students describe extremophiles. Therefore, we were interested in answering the following question: How do schoolchildren living in extreme environments describe their environments and extremophiles? We performed an ethnographic study and analyzed the results of 347 representative drawings of participants aged 12–16 years from three schools located in the extreme environments of Chile San Pedro de Atacama (hyper-arid, 2,400 m), Lonquimay (forest, 925 m), and Punta Arenas (sub-Antarctic, 34 m). The social representation approach was used to collect data, and systemic networks were used to organize and systematize the drawings. The study found that, despite differences between extreme environments, certain natural elements, such as trees and the sun, are consistently represented by schoolchildren. The analysis revealed that the urban and rural categories were the two main categories identified. The main systemic networks were rural-sun (21,1%) for hyper-arid areas, urban-tree (14,1%) for forest areas, and urban-furniture (23,4%) for sub-Antarctic areas. When the results were analyzed by sex, we found a statistically significant difference for the rural category in the 7th grade, where girls mentioned being more rural than boys. Students living in hyper-arid areas represented higher extremophile drawings, with 57 extremophiles versus 20 and 39 for students living in sub-Antarctic and forest areas, respectively. Bacteria were extremophiles that were more represented. The results provide evidence that natural variables and semantic features that allow an environment to be categorized as extreme are not represented by children when they are focused on and inspired by the environment in which they live, suggesting that school literacy processes impact representations of their environment because they replicate school textbooks and not necessarily their environment.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring perceptions of extreme environments and extremophiles in Chilean schoolchildren: an ethnographic study

Rivera,

Fontana,

Cortes

et al. 2024

Front. Public Health

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“…These include increasing sea surface temperature ( Smith & Reynolds, 2004 ) and higher glacier melt rate ( Aniya, 1999 ; Dixon & Ambinakudige, 2015 ). In the terrestrial ecosystem, warmer seasonality is expected to increase aridity in the Patagonian region, particularly in areas with herbaceous vegetation ( Soto-Rogel et al, 2020 ). Nevertheless, there have been no formal studies in the region regarding the effect of climate change on any of its ecosystem properties ( e.g ., trophic network interactions, biogeochemical cycles, and environmental status).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current knowledge of the Southern Hemisphere marine microbiome in eukaryotic hosts and the Strait of Magellan surface microbiome project

Ochoa-Sánchez,

Acuña Gomez,

Ramírez-Fenández

et al. 2023

PeerJ

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Host-microbe interactions are ubiquitous and play important roles in host biology, ecology, and evolution. Yet, host-microbe research has focused on inland species, whereas marine hosts and their associated microbes remain largely unexplored, especially in developing countries in the Southern Hemisphere. Here, we review the current knowledge of marine host microbiomes in the Southern Hemisphere. Our results revealed important biases in marine host species sampling for studies conducted in the Southern Hemisphere, where sponges and marine mammals have received the greatest attention. Sponge-associated microbes vary greatly across geographic regions and species. Nevertheless, besides taxonomic heterogeneity, sponge microbiomes have functional consistency, whereas geography and aging are important drivers of marine mammal microbiomes. Seabird and macroalgal microbiomes in the Southern Hemisphere were also common. Most seabird microbiome has focused on feces, whereas macroalgal microbiome has focused on the epibiotic community. Important drivers of seabird fecal microbiome are aging, sex, and species-specific factors. In contrast, host-derived deterministic factors drive the macroalgal epibiotic microbiome, in a process known as “microbial gardening”. In turn, marine invertebrates (especially crustaceans) and fish microbiomes have received less attention in the Southern Hemisphere. In general, the predominant approach to study host marine microbiomes has been the sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Interestingly, there are some marine holobiont studies (i.e., studies that simultaneously analyze host (e.g., genomics, transcriptomics) and microbiome (e.g., 16S rRNA gene, metagenome) traits), but only in some marine invertebrates and macroalgae from Africa and Australia. Finally, we introduce an ongoing project on the surface microbiome of key species in the Strait of Magellan. This is an international project that will provide novel microbiome information of several species in the Strait of Magellan. In the short-term, the project will improve our knowledge about microbial diversity in the region, while long-term potential benefits include the use of these data to assess host-microbial responses to the Anthropocene derived climate change.

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“…This phase is characterized by positive pressure anomalies at mid-latitudes (40-55°S) and negative anomalies at high latitudes (Antarctica). In the central-eastern sector of SSA, the positive AAO values are associated with ongoing climatic trends, decrease in precipitation, warm temperatures, prevailing drought conditions [28][29][30], and extreme events (e.g., heatwaves) [31]. Under these recent climatic trends in SSA, few studies have investigated whether the forests of N. betuloides and N. pumilio respond to climate changeinduced effects and how droughts and extreme events (e.g., heatwaves) might affect their growth [11,[13][14][15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two Nothofagus Species in Southernmost South America Are Recording Divergent Climate Signals

Soto-Rogel

Aravena

Villalba

et al. 2022

Forests

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Recent climatic trends, such as warming temperatures, decrease in rainfall, and extreme weather events (e.g., heatwaves), are negatively affecting the performance of forests. In northern Patagonia, such conditions have caused tree growth reduction, crown dieback, and massive die-back events. However, studies looking at these consequences in the southernmost temperate forest (Nothofagus betuloides and Nothofagus pumilio) are much scarcer, especially in southernmost South America (SSA). These forests are also under the influence of the positive phase of Antarctic Oscillation (AAO, also known as Southern Annular Mode, SAM) that has been associated with increasing trends in temperature, drought, and extreme events in the last decades. This study evaluated the growth patterns and the climatic response of eight new tree-ring chronologies from Nothofagus species located at the upper treeline along different environmental gradients in three study areas: Punta Arenas, Yendegaia National Park, and Navarino Island in SSA. The main modes of the ring-width index (RWI) variation were studied using principal component analysis (PCA). We found that PC1 has the higher loadings for sites with precipitation values over 600 mm/yr, PC2 with N. betuloides sites, and PC3 with higher loadings for sites with precipitation values below 600 mm/yr. Our best growth-climate relationships are between N. betuloides and AAO and the most northeastern site of N. pumilio with relative humidity (which coincides with heatwaves and extreme drought). The climatic signals imprinted in the southernmost forests are sensitive to climatic variability, the climate forcing AAO, and the effects of climate change in the last decades.

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Impact of Extreme Weather Events on Aboveground Net Primary Productivity and Sheep Production in the Magellan Region, Southernmost Chilean Patagonia

Cited by 6 publications

References 24 publications

Exploring perceptions of extreme environments and extremophiles in Chilean schoolchildren: an ethnographic study

Exploring perceptions of extreme environments and extremophiles in Chilean schoolchildren: an ethnographic study

Current knowledge of the Southern Hemisphere marine microbiome in eukaryotic hosts and the Strait of Magellan surface microbiome project

Two Nothofagus Species in Southernmost South America Are Recording Divergent Climate Signals

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