“…The results of these studies, though, have been mixed. Of 15 papers published between 2020 and 2023, six found masked faces were rated higher in trustworthiness compared to unmasked faces ( Di Crosta et al, 2023 ; Guo et al, 2022 ; Kawakami et al, 2023 ; Lau, 2021 ; Oldmeadow & Koch, 2021 ; Olivera-La Rosa et al, 2020 ), four found masked faces were less trustworthy ( Biermann et al, 2021 ; Bylianto & Chan, 2022 ; Gabrieli & Esposito, 2021 ; Takehara et al, 2023 ), and five found no differences or were inconclusive ( Bennetts et al, 2022 ; C. Twele et al, 2022 ; Cannito et al, 2022 ; Grundmann et al, 2021 ; Oliveira & Garcia-Marques, 2022 ). The variability in results may stem from differences in methodology, as well as contextual factors that influence the meanings given to mask wearing ( Wang et al, 2023 ).…”