Impact of forest size on parasite biodiversity: implications for conservation of hosts and parasites

Bush, Sarah E.; Reed, Michelle; Maher, Sean P.

doi:10.1007/s10531-013-0480-x

Cited by 34 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Mathematical models show how biodiversity loss can decrease the prevalence of an infectious disease, depending on the relative effects on host density, susceptibility, parasite mortality, and food web complexity (Lafferty andHolt 2003, Lafferty 2012). Some disease agents are predicted to be even more sensitive to biodiversity loss than are their hosts (Lloyd-Smith et al 2005, Dunn et al 2009, Colwell et al 2012, Bush et al 2013, particularly parasites with complex life cycles that require multiple host species to support their various life stages (Rudolf andLafferty 2011, Lafferty 2012). Undisturbed ecosystems are also often problematic sources of infectious diseases, including leishmaniases (Lainson 1983, Lainson 1988, malaria (Sharma et al 1991, Marrelli et al 2007), onchocerciasis (Walsh et al 1993), loaisis (Boussinesq and Gardon 1997), and brugian filariasis (Mak et al 1982, Chang et al 1991.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does biodiversity protect humans against infectious disease?

Wood

Lafferty

Leo

et al. 2014

Ecology

201

254

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Control of human infectious disease has been promoted as a valuable ecosystem service arising from the conservation of biodiversity. There are two commonly discussed mechanisms by which biodiversity loss could increase rates of infectious disease in a landscape. First, loss of competitors or predators could facilitate an increase in the abundance of competent reservoir hosts. Second, biodiversity loss could disproportionately affect non-competent, or less competent reservoir hosts, which would otherwise interfere with pathogen transmission to human populations by, for example, wasting the bites of infected vectors. A negative association between biodiversity and disease risk, sometimes called the "dilution effect hypothesis," has been supported for a few disease agents, suggests an exciting win-win outcome for the environment and society, and has become a pervasive topic in the disease ecology literature. Case studies have been assembled to argue that the dilution effect is general across disease agents. Less touted are examples in which elevated biodiversity does not affect or increases infectious disease risk for pathogens of public health concern. In order to assess the likely generality of the dilution effect, we review the association between biodiversity and public health across a broad variety of human disease agents. Overall, we hypothesize that conditions for the dilution effect are unlikely to be met for most important diseases of humans. Biodiversity probably has little net effect on most human infectious diseases but, when it does have an effect, observation and basic logic suggest that biodiversity will be more likely to increase than to decrease infectious disease risk.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does biodiversity protect humans against infectious disease?

Wood

Lafferty

Leo

et al. 2014

Ecology

201

254

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“…Changes in community structure may also affect the prevalence of parasites that infect small mammal hosts (Keesing et al 2006;Randolph and Dobson 2012;Young et al 2013;McCauley et al 2015). In some cases, such changes have resulted in losses of host populations and subsequently the parasites they harbor (Koh et al 2004;Altizer et al 2007;Chasar et al 2009;Dunn et al 2009;Bush et al 2013). As ecological theory predicts, the rates of spread and occurrence of parasites of these reduced populations should decline as the host population decreases in size and density (Anderson and May 1979;May and Anderson 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Anthropogenic Disturbance on Native and Invasive Trypanosomes of Rodents in Forested Uganda

et al. 2016

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Habitat disturbance and anthropogenic change are globally associated with extinctions and invasive species introductions. Less understood is the impact of environmental change on the parasites harbored by endangered, extinct, and introduced species. To improve our understanding of the impacts of anthropogenic disturbance on such host-parasite interactions, we investigated an invasive trypanosome (Trypanosoma lewisi). We screened 348 individual small mammals, representing 26 species, from both forested and non-forested habitats in rural Uganda. Using microscopy and PCR, we identified 18% of individuals (order Rodentia) as positive for trypanosomes. Further phylogenetic analyses revealed two trypanosomes circulating-T. lewisi and T. varani. T. lewisi was found in seven species both native and invasive, while T. varani was identified in only three native forest species. The lack of T. varani in non-forested habitats suggests that it is a natural parasite of forest-dwelling rodents. Our findings suggest that anthropogenic disturbance may lead to spillover of an invasive parasite (T. lewisi) from non-native to native species, and lead to local co-extinction of a native parasite (T. varani) and native forest-dwelling hosts.

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“…Finally, if forest habitats form larger cohesive units at higher altitudes than at lower altitudes (e.g. as a result of farming and villages in the valleys), habitat fragmentation effects may impact on lice differently at different altitudes (Bush et al, 2013).…”

Section: Infestation Ratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chewing lice from high‐altitude and migrating birds in Yunnan, China, with descriptions of two new species of Guimaraesiella

Gustafsson¹,

Lei

Luo

et al. 2019

Medical Vet Entomology

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In total, 366 birds representing 55 species in 24 families and eight orders, were examined for chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Ischnocera) in two high‐altitude localities in Yunnan Province, China. In Ailaoshan, almost all of the birds examined were resident passeriforms, of which 36% were parasitized by chewing lice. In Jinshanyakou, most birds were on migration, and included both passerine and non‐passerine birds. Of the passerine birds caught in Jinshanyakou, only one bird (0.7%) was parasitized by chewing lice. The prevalence of Myrsidea and Brueelia‐complex lice on birds caught in Ailaoshan was higher than in previous reports. Of the chewing lice identifiable to species level, three represent new records for China: Actornithophilus hoplopteri (Mjöberg, 1910), Maculinirmus ljosalfar Gustafsson & Bush, 2017 and Quadraceps sinensis Timmermann, 1954. In total, 17 new host records are included, of which we describe two as new species in the Brueelia‐complex: Guimaraesiella (Cicchinella) ailaoshanensis sp. nov. ex Schoeniparus dubius dubius (Hume, 1874) and G. (C.) montisodalis sp. nov. ex Fulvetta manipurensis tonkinensis Delacour & Jabouille, 1930. This published work has been registered in ZooBank, http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9FC3D8EE-2CED-4DBE-A1DB-471B71260D27.

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Impact of forest size on parasite biodiversity: implications for conservation of hosts and parasites

Cited by 34 publications

References 38 publications

Does biodiversity protect humans against infectious disease?

Does biodiversity protect humans against infectious disease?

Impact of Anthropogenic Disturbance on Native and Invasive Trypanosomes of Rodents in Forested Uganda

Chewing lice from high‐altitude and migrating birds in Yunnan, China, with descriptions of two new species of Guimaraesiella

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