Impact of fuel hydrogen content on non-volatile particulate matter emitted from an aircraft auxiliary power unit measured with standardised reference systems

Durand, Eliot; Lobo, Prem; Crayford, Andrew Philip; Sevcenco, Yura; Christie, Simon

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119637

Cited by 16 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…This work has provided essential data for developing the first standardized model of fuel composition effects used for emission certification to the new CAEP/11 nvPM standard. Studies have shown that nvPM emissions of various gas turbine engine types correlate with fuel hydrogen content regardless of the naphthalene and aromatic content. ,,, The standardized model utilizes fuel hydrogen content (Δ H , difference between the hydrogen content in the fuel used and the reference value of 13.8%) and engine thrust (% F oo ). , The fuel composition effects are thrust-dependent. Thus, the trends of the EI mass and EI num reductions with thrust (% F oo ) for different Δ H must be well known.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…The reductions of nvPM emissions can be attributed to the higher hydrogen mass content (+0.48%) and lower total aromatics (−6.8%) and naphthalenes (−0.26%) of the HEFA-SPK blend compared to Jet A-1, which is consistent with previous research. [5][6][7][8]11,21,23,33,45 Also, the HEFA-SPK blend had a higher smoke point, which has been historically used for correlating gas turbine smoke emissions with fuels containing different amounts of total aromatics, naphthalenes, and hydrogen (Table 1). 18 Prediction of Fuel Composition Effects on nvPM Emissions.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies have shown that nvPM emissions of various gas turbine engine types correlate with fuel hydrogen content regardless of the naphthalene and aromatic con- tent. 6,21,23,45 The standardized model utilizes fuel hydrogen content (ΔH, difference between the hydrogen content in the fuel used and the reference value of 13.8%) and engine thrust (% F oo ). 28,30 The fuel composition effects are thrust-dependent.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These losscorrection factors are in line with previous works that calculated size-dependent losses in standardized nvPM sampling and measurement systems using PSD data for various gas turbine engines. 36,44,45 The penetration functions and details of the system loss-correction calculation are shown in S1 of the SI.…”

Section: ■ Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Reduction of Nonvolatile Particulate Matter Emissions of a Commercial Turbofan Engine at the Ground Level from the Use of a Sustainable Aviation Fuel Blend

Ďurdina

Brem

Elser

et al. 2021

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Nonvolatile particulate matter (nvPM) emissions from aircraft turbine engines deteriorate air quality and contribute to climate change. These emissions can be reduced using sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs). Here, we investigate the effects of a 32% SAF blend with fossil fuel on particle size distributions and nvPM emission indices of a widely used turbofan engine. The experiments were conducted in a test cell using a standardized sampling and measurement system. The geometric mean diameter (GMD) increased with thrust from ∼8 nm at idle to ∼40 nm at take-off, and the geometric standard deviation (GSD) was in the range of 1.74−2.01. The SAF blend reduced the GMD and GSD at each test point. The nvPM emission indices were reduced most markedly at idle by 70% in terms of nvPM mass and 60% in terms of nvPM number. The relative reduction of nvPM emissions decreased with the increasing thrust. The SAF blend reduced the nvPM emissions from the standardized landing and take-off cycle by 20% in terms of nvPM mass and 25% in terms of nvPM number. This work will help develop standardized models of fuel composition effects on nvPM emissions and evaluate the impacts of SAF on air quality and climate.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Reduction of Nonvolatile Particulate Matter Emissions of a Commercial Turbofan Engine at the Ground Level from the Use of a Sustainable Aviation Fuel Blend

Ďurdina

Brem

Elser

et al. 2021

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…To date, the only commercial instruments that satisfy the SARP number and mass measurement system requirements, respectively, are the AVL Particle Counter (APC) Advanced, and the AVL Micro Soot Sensor (MSS) and the Artium Laser Induced Incandescence LII 300 instrument (LII). Limited information is available on aircraft engine nvPM emissions characteristics measured with the standardized system for different engine types burning SAFs and blends with conventional fuel (Durand et al, 2021;Elser et al, 2019;Lobo et al, 2015aLobo et al, , 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aircraft-engine particulate matter emissions from conventional and sustainable aviation fuel combustion: comparison of measurement techniques for mass, number, and size

Corbin

Schripp

Anderson

et al. 2022

Preprint

Self Cite

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Abstract. Sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) have different compositions compared to conventional petroleum jet fuels, particularly in terms of fuel sulphur and hydrocarbon content. These differences may change the amount and physicochemical properties of volatile and non-volatile particulate matter (nvPM) emitted by aircraft engines. In this study, we evaluate whether comparable nvPM measurement techniques respond similarly to nvPM produced by three blends of SAFs compared to three conventional fuels. Multiple SAF blends and conventional (Jet A-1) jet fuels were combusted in a V2527-A5 engine, while an additional conventional fuel (JP-8) was combusted in a CFM56-2C1 engine. We evaluated nvPM mass concentration measured by three real-time sampling techniques: photoacoustic spectroscopy, laser-induced incandescence, and the extinction-minus-scattering technique. Various commercial instruments were tested including three LII 300s, one PAX, one MSS+, and two CAPS PMSSA. Mass-based emission indices (EIm) reported by these techniques were similar, falling within 30 % of their geometric mean for EIm above 100 mg/kgfuel (approximately 10 μg PM m−3 at the instrument), this geometric mean was therefore used as a reference value. Additionally, two integrative measurement techniques were evaluated: filter photometry and particle size distribution (PSD) integration. The commercial instruments used were one TAP, one PSAP, and two SMPSs. These techniques are used in specific applications, such as on-board research aircraft to determine PM emissions at cruise. EIm reported by the alternative techniques fell within approximately 50 % of the mean aerosol-phase EIm. In addition, we measured PM-number-based emissions indices using PSDs and condensation particle counters. The commercial instruments used included TSI SMPSs, a Cambustion DMS500, and an AVL APC, and the data also fell within approximately 50 % of their geometric mean. The number-based emission indices were highly sensitive to the accuracy of the sampling-line penetration functions applied as corrections. In contrast, the EIm data were less sensitive to those corrections since a smaller volume fraction fell within the size range where corrections were substantial. A separate, dedicated experiment also showed that the operating laser fluence used in the LII 300 laser-induced incandescence instrument for aircraft engine nvPM measurement is adequate for a range of SAF blends investigated in this study. Overall, we conclude that all tested instruments are suitable for the measurement of nvPM emissions from the combustion of SAF blends in aircraft engines.

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Toxicological evaluation of primary particulate matter emitted from combustion of aviation fuel

Melzi,

van Triel,

Durand

et al. 2024

Chemosphere

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Impact of fuel hydrogen content on non-volatile particulate matter emitted from an aircraft auxiliary power unit measured with standardised reference systems

Cited by 16 publications

References 34 publications

Reduction of Nonvolatile Particulate Matter Emissions of a Commercial Turbofan Engine at the Ground Level from the Use of a Sustainable Aviation Fuel Blend

Reduction of Nonvolatile Particulate Matter Emissions of a Commercial Turbofan Engine at the Ground Level from the Use of a Sustainable Aviation Fuel Blend

Aircraft-engine particulate matter emissions from conventional and sustainable aviation fuel combustion: comparison of measurement techniques for mass, number, and size

Toxicological evaluation of primary particulate matter emitted from combustion of aviation fuel

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