Impact of functional inorganic nanotubes f-INTs-WS2 on hemolysis, platelet function and coagulation

Abstract

Inorganic transition metal dichalcogenide nanostructures are interesting for several biomedical applications such as coating for medical devices (e.g. endodontic files, catheter stents) and reinforcement of scaffolds for tissue engineering. However, their impact on human blood is unknown. A unique nanomaterial surface-engineering chemical methodology was used to fabricate functional polyacidic polyCOOH inorganic nanotubes of tungsten disulfide towards covalent binding of any desired molecule/organic species via chemical activation/reactivity of this former polyCOOH shell. The impact of these nanotubes on hemolysis, platelet aggregation and blood coagulation has been assessed using spectrophotometric measurement, light transmission aggregometry and thrombin generation assays. The functionalized nanotubes do not induce hemolysis but decrease platelet aggregation and induce coagulation through intrinsic pathway activation. The functional nanotubes were found to be more thrombogenic than the non-functional ones, suggesting lower hemocompatibility and increased thrombotic risk with functionalized tungsten disulfide nanotubes. These functionalized nanotubes should be used with caution in blood-contacting devices.

Tungsten‐based Nanomaterials in the Biomedical Field: A Bibliometric Analysis of Research Progress and Prospects

“…[159] In vivo long-term toxicology of TMDC (WS 2 , TiS 2 , MoS 2 ) has also been testified by Hao et al [160] According to their research, there was no obvious long-term toxicity of WS 2 nanosheets at the tested dose, despite it being difficult to oxidize WS 2 , and thus it showed much longer in vivo retention. However, severe side effects, such as obvious hepatic function impairment [161] and hemolysis/platelet/coagulation dysfunction [162] have been reported. In addition, some studies have attempted to elucidate the mechanism of TNMs in cells.…”

“…Based on the above research, although TNMs show excellent biocompatibility and safety in cell experiments, they still require extreme caution for application in human bodies owing to potential hazards such as thrombosis and mutagenicity. [158,162] In addition, a relevant toxicity evaluation standard or system needs to be formulated as soon as possible to promote its possible clinical application.…”

Synthesis of high-quality monolayer tungsten disulfide with chlorophylls and its application for enhancing bone regeneration

“…Raichman et al used a highly electrophilic acidic Vilsmeier-Haack reagent to produce polycarboxylated functional WS 2 nanotubes that can be dispersed in polar liquids 16 . In 2018, they also found that the functionalised WS 2 is biocompatible and may come into contact with blood, indicating a high degree of biocompatibility 17 . However, there have only been a limited number of studies focussing on the preparation of WS 2 thin sheets via liquidphase exfoliation and the application of these sheets [18][19][20][21] .…”

Development of bactericidal spinel ferrite nanoparticles with effective biocompatibility for potential wound healing applications

“…Moreover, hemolysis assay was performed according to the ASTM E2524-08 standard protocol to evaluate the hemocompatibility of the NPs. 26 For this purpose, whole human blood was acquired from ZenBio and used according to the institutionally (UCLA) approved safety protocols. Blood was stored in heparinized tubes, refrigerated, and used in the assay not later than 48 h. Concentration of the hemoglobin in the blood was estimated by Drabkin's reagent, using a standard curve generated on different concentrations of pure human hemoglobin (1000–62 μg ml −1 ).…”