Impact of Gender, Age at Onset, and Lifetime Tic Disorders on the Clinical Presentation and Comorbidity Pattern of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Children and Adolescents

Abstract

There were differences in the comorbidity pattern and clinical expression between genders and between prepubertal and adolescent-onset cases. Findings of this study supported the introduction of tic-related OCD as a specifier in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. (DSM-5), and the necessity of a detailed assessment of other psychiatric disorders in youth with OCD.

Phenomenology of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Children and Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Observation in Bangladesh

“…The proportions of major depressive disorder (15.1%), followed by social phobia (6.1%) and hyperkinetic disorder (6.1%) were higher among the adolescents, whereas hyperkinetic disorder (12.1%), tic disorder (7.3%), and specific phobia (7.3%) were higher among children (Table 1). This finding is somewhat consistent with other study findings and the differences could be explained by study setting (1,2,4,6,11,16). Considering the caregivers' perception about the child's disease, 89.6% believed that it was mental illness, which indicates good awareness among parents of OCD patients.…”

“…It is characterized by persistent, unwanted, and useless disturbing/intrusive thoughts, images, and urges (obsessions), repetitive behaviors, or mental acts (compulsions) (1,2). It usually runs a chronic course with waxing and waning variations and can cause pervasive impairments in multiple domains of life (1)(2)(3)(4).…”

“…Although the prevalence rate is the same in both genders, males are more prone to OCD in their prepubertal age (1,5). Due to the developmental stages, the symptom presentations are usually heterogenous in children and adolescents, with variations in presentations in adults (1,2,6). Moreover, comorbidity is also higher in children and adolescents with OCD, and 80% of the patients may meet the diagnostic criteria for another mental health disorder such as anxiety disorder, depressive disorder, attention deficit disorder, oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), conduct disorder (CD), or tic disorder because as many as 50% to 60% of youths experience two or more other mental disorders during their lifetime (1,2,(5)(6)(7).…”

“…Due to the developmental stages, the symptom presentations are usually heterogenous in children and adolescents, with variations in presentations in adults (1,2,6). Moreover, comorbidity is also higher in children and adolescents with OCD, and 80% of the patients may meet the diagnostic criteria for another mental health disorder such as anxiety disorder, depressive disorder, attention deficit disorder, oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), conduct disorder (CD), or tic disorder because as many as 50% to 60% of youths experience two or more other mental disorders during their lifetime (1,2,(5)(6)(7). Epidemiological studies indicate that the prevalence of OCD in children and adolescents is 2% in Bangladesh, and this finding is in line with studies conducted in different cultures with variations in presentations of symptoms (1,8).…”

Social skills in preschool children with unilateral and mild bilateral hearing loss

“…Several studies of the general population have documented gender differences in the prevalence and clinical manifestations of mental health problems (Luby et al, 2009;Tanidir et al, 2015;. Girls and boys show differences in their social development from an early age; boys seem to have less impulse control and be more confronting and aggressive, both physically and verbally, especially during preschool years .…”