Impact of Genotype-Specific Herd Immunity on the Circulatory Dynamism of Norovirus: A 10-Year Longitudinal Study of Viral Acute Gastroenteritis

Sakon, Naomi; Yamazaki, Kenji; Nakata, Kohei; Kanbayashi, Daiki; Yoda, Tomoko; Mantani, M; Kase, Tetsuo; Takahashi, Kazuo; Komano, Jun

doi:10.1093/infdis/jiu496

Cited by 54 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Our data are consistent with recent reports that reinfection with noroviruses from different genotypes occurs often in children [16, 22, 36] and that norovirus reinfections can occur within a single year in both children and adults [14, 15]. Similar to our previous report that infection with 2 different GII genotypes (GII.4 followed by GII.6) could occur within a single year in a young child [15], we show here that yet another GII genotype pairing (GII.2 followed by GII.6) could cause sequential outbreaks in adults within a single year.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Sequential Gastroenteritis Outbreaks in a Single Year Caused by Norovirus Genotypes GII.2 and GII.6 in an Institutional Setting

Karangwa

Parra

Bok

et al. 2017

Open Forum Infectious Diseases

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BackgroundNorovirus is a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Improved diagnostic capability has been instrumental in the characterization of archival norovirus strains associated with gastroenteritis outbreaks that were investigated decades ago. One such investigation was that of 2 sequential gastroenteritis outbreaks that occurred in 1971 at the former Henryton State Hospital in Maryland. Approximately 40% of the resident population experienced clinical symptoms in both outbreaks, which occurred 11 months apart.MethodsStored stools and paired sera were re-analyzed to investigate the etiology of the 2 outbreaks.ResultsDifferent norovirus genotypes were identified as the etiological agents responsible for the illnesses, with GII.2 associated with the first outbreak and GII.6 with the second. The viruses were antigenically distinct as determined by analyses of hyperimmune sera raised against the corresponding virus-like particles in animals, as well as paired sera from infected individuals.ConclusionsThe observed antigenic differences were consistent with the failure of the GII.2 strain to provide cross-protective immunity to the GII.6 strain a few months later. An understanding of antigenic diversity among norovirus genotypes will be important in the design of norovirus vaccines.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Sequential Gastroenteritis Outbreaks in a Single Year Caused by Norovirus Genotypes GII.2 and GII.6 in an Institutional Setting

Karangwa

Parra

Bok

et al. 2017

Open Forum Infectious Diseases

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“…This allows us to explore how emergent GII.4 strains influence the prevalence and seasonality of non-GII.4 genotypes. Continuous epidemiological surveillance of non-GII.4 infections is necessary as the herd immunity of non-GII.4 genotypes may influence norovirus circulating patterns21.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virus Genotype Distribution and Virus Burden in Children and Adults Hospitalized for Norovirus Gastroenteritis, 2012–2014, Hong Kong

Chan

Leung

Chung

et al. 2015

Sci Rep

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We conducted a 2-year hospital-based study on norovirus gastroenteritis among children and adults between August 2012 and September 2014. A total of 1,146 norovirus cases were identified. Young children (aged ≤ 5 years) accounted for a majority (53.3%) of cases. Hospitalization incidence exhibited a U-shaped pattern with the highest rate in young children (1,475 per 100,000 person-years), followed by the elderly aged > 84 years (581 per 100,000 person-years). A subset (n = 395, 34.5%) of cases were selected for norovirus genotyping and noroviral load measurement. Non-GII.4 infections were more commonly observed in young children than in older adults (aged > 65 years) (20.5% versus 9.2%; p < 0.05). In young children, the median noroviral load of GII.4 and non-GII.4 cases was indistinguishably high (cycle threshold value, median [interquartile range]: 16.6 [15.2–19.3] versus 16.6 [14.9–21.6]; p = 0.45). Two age-specific non-GII.4 genotypes (GII.3 and GII.6) were identified among young children. These findings may have implications in norovirus vaccination strategy.

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“…Although GII.6 (ORF 2) and GII.7 (ORF 2) noroviruses have been documented in various studies [6,7,8] and GII.6 (ORF 2) has been noted to be a relatively common norovirus in some settings [9,10,11,12], detailed molecular epidemiological analysis of these viruses is lacking. Furthermore, although a link between GII.6 and GII.7 noroviruses has been documented, in that both can be linked to GII.P7 [13,14,15,16], the precise relationship between GII.P7_GII.6 and GII.P7_GII.7 does not appear to have been examined.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Comparative Molecular Epidemiology of GII.P7_GII.6 and GII.P7_GII.7 Norovirus Outbreaks in Victoria, Australia, 2012-2014

Bruggink

Moselen²,

Marshall³

2016

Intervirology

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The comparative molecular epidemiology of the related GII.P7_GII.6 and GII.P7_GII.7 noroviruses has not been examined in detail. ORF 1, ORF 2 and ORF 1/ORF 2 RT-PCR as well as sequencing and phylogeny analysis were carried out on faecal specimens from 873 gastroenteritis outbreaks in Victoria, Australia (2012-2014). There were 575 (66%) detected as positive for norovirus by means of ORF 1 RT-PCR and/or ORF 2 RT-PCR. Of these, 24 (4.2%) were GII.6 (ORF 2) outbreaks, 7 (1.2%) were GII.7 (ORF 2) outbreaks, and 1 outbreak (0.2%) involved both GII.6 (ORF 2) and GII.7 (ORF 2) noroviruses. The median age of patients identified with GII.6 (ORF 2) (84 years) was significantly different from that of patients identified with GII.7 (ORF 2) (39 years). ORF 2 GII.6 and ORF 2 GII.7 sequences were always associated with a GII.P7 ORF 1 sequence, and GII.P7 sequences fell into two clusters, with one corresponding to the GII.6 ORF 2 genotype and the other to the GII.7 ORF 2 genotype, thereby indicating that the ORF 1 has been evolving separately for the two viruses. Thus, two closely related noroviruses can have a markedly different incidence and epidemiology.

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Impact of Genotype-Specific Herd Immunity on the Circulatory Dynamism of Norovirus: A 10-Year Longitudinal Study of Viral Acute Gastroenteritis

Cited by 54 publications

References 43 publications

Sequential Gastroenteritis Outbreaks in a Single Year Caused by Norovirus Genotypes GII.2 and GII.6 in an Institutional Setting

Sequential Gastroenteritis Outbreaks in a Single Year Caused by Norovirus Genotypes GII.2 and GII.6 in an Institutional Setting

Virus Genotype Distribution and Virus Burden in Children and Adults Hospitalized for Norovirus Gastroenteritis, 2012–2014, Hong Kong

The Comparative Molecular Epidemiology of GII.P7_GII.6 and GII.P7_GII.7 Norovirus Outbreaks in Victoria, Australia, 2012-2014

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