Impact of Gut Microbiota Composition on Onset and Progression of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases

Abstract

In recent years, mounting scientific evidence has emerged regarding the evaluation of the putative correlation between the gut microbiota composition and the presence of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs), such as diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and arterial hypertension. The aim of this narrative review is to examine the current literature with respect to the relationship between intestinal dysbiosis and the insurgence/progression of chronic NCDs, analyzing the physiopathological mechanisms that can induce microbiota modification in the course of these pathologies, and the possible effect induced by microbiota alteration upon disease onset. Therapy based on probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, postbiotics, and fecal microbiota transplant can represent a useful therapeutic tool, as has been highlighted on animal studies. To this moment, clinical studies that intended to demonstrate the beneficial effect induced by this kind of oral supplementation on the gut microbiota composition, and subsequent amelioration of signs and symptoms of chronic NCDs have been conducted on limited sample populations for a limited follow-up period. Therefore, to fully evaluate the therapeutic value of this kind of intervention, it would be ideal to design ample population; randomized clinical trials with a lengthy follow up period.

Oleuropein, a Bioactive Compound from Olea europaea L., as a Potential Preventive and Therapeutic Agent in Non-Communicable Diseases

“…Recently, much attention has been given to the gut microbiota, considered as a metabolic "organ" which impacts host nutrition, and may influence the bioavailability and bioaccessibility of olive phenolic compounds via biotransformation into other active substances, which have interesting beneficial health properties in bowel diseases [166,183]. Mosele et al [184], in an in vitro model experiment, observed that Ole was rapidly deglycosylated during 6 h of incubation with human fecal microbiota, becoming OleA; the latter was degradated into elenolic acid and HT by microbial esterase activity, until it disappeared after 48 h. On the contrary, HT constantly increased during the same fermentation period.…”

Prenatal and postnatal determinants in shaping offspring’s microbiome in the first 1000 days: study protocol and preliminary results at one month of life

“…One of the key elements driving NCDs intergenerational nature and playing a pivotal role in "the first 1000 days", is the gut microbiome, a highly dynamic organ which is sensitive to environmental factors and that modifies its composition over the host's lifespan [6].…”

The Effects of Low-Nickel Diet Combined with Oral Administration of Selected Probiotics on Patients with Systemic Nickel Allergy Syndrome (SNAS) and Gut Dysbiosis

“…These findings imply that Ni has a toxicological impact on the intestinal ecosystem and, possibly, functions. The qualitative and quantitative dysregulation of the intestinal microbiota setup is indicative of a pathologic condition called dysbiosis, which may cause symptoms of varying types and severity in immunological, metabolic, psychiatric, and intestinal diseases [18,19]. Gut dysbiosis is associated with altered microbial metabolism with a higher production and reabsorption of intestinal bacterial metabolites derived from the breakdown of tryptophan, such as indican (3-indoxyl sulfate) and 3-methyl-indole (also named skatole) [20,21].…”