Impact of Heat Stress on the In-Line Registered Milk Fat-to-Protein Ratio and Metabolic Profile in Dairy Cows

Abstract

The aim of our study was to investigate and quantify the impact of heat stress on the milk fat-to-protein ratio (F/P) and the metabolic profile in dairy cows, utilizing in-line registration methods for accurate and real-time data collection. This study was carried out in Lithuania at coordinates 55.819156, 23.773541, from 1 June 2023 until 31 August 2023. Milk composition, including fat and protein, was measured using a BROLIS HerdLine in-line milk analyzer from Brolis Sensor Technology, Vilnius, Lithuania. During the general clinical examinations (twice per week), blood samples were collected and determined for GLU—blood glucose concentration; BHB—blood β-hydroxybutyrate concentration; AST—aspartate transaminase activity; GGT—gamma-glutamyltransferase activity; and NEFAs—non-esterified fatty acids. The parameters based on the Temperature–Humidity Index (THI) were categorized into two groups: group 1, consisting of THI values less than 72, representing the comfort zone, and group 2, with THI values of 72 or higher, indicating a greater risk of thermal stress. Specifically, group 2 exhibited an 8.6% increase in the F/P ratio compared to group 1 (p = 0.049). Additionally, there was a 4.2% decrease in glucose levels in group 2 (p = 0.056) and a notable 5.8% decrease in albumin levels compared to group 1 (p < 0.001). We found a very weak, non-significant correlation between humidity and the milk fat-to-protein ratio (r = 0.043, p = 0.447) and a similarly negligible correlation with Beta-Hydroxybutyrate (BHB; r = 0.046, p = 0.417). We observed significant changes in milk composition, particularly an increase in the milk fat-to-protein ratio, and alterations in metabolic indicators like glucose, albumin, and liver enzymes. These changes, indicative of a negative energy balance and altered metabolic processes such as gluconeogenesis and lipolysis, correspond to previous research. The adoption of advanced tools, such as the BROLIS HerdLine analyzer, is recommended for the real-time monitoring of milk composition, which assists in the early detection of negative energy balances and metabolic issues. It is also crucial to adjust feeding practices to maintain energy balance during periods of high THI and to conduct regular health checks with a special focus on cows in early lactation.