Impact of HIV on tuberculosis in Zambia: a cross sectional study.

Abstract

Objective-To examine the contribution of HIV infection to the apparently increasing incidence of tuberculosis in central Africa.Design-Cross sectional study.Setting-Outpatient clinic in teaching hospital, Lusaka, Zambia.Patients-346 Adult patients with tuberculosis. 206 patients (60%; 95% confidence interval 54% to 65%) were positive for HIVin one or both assays used. The peaks for both tuberculosis and HIV infection were among men aged 25-34 years and women aged 14-24 years.

Predictive value of the acid fast smear for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in respiratory specimens in a Reference Center of HIV/Aids in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

“…These data suggest that culture is indicated for diagnosis of TB in these patients, mainly in a hospital with a high prevalence of co-infection TB/ HIV. These results are different from those found by Elliot et al (1990) in Zambia, where the yield of AFB and culture was quite similar to that of clinical diagnosis of tuberculosis.…”

HIV and tuberculosis in a rural hospital in Kenya

“…However, there does appear to be an increase in the proportion of newly diagnosed TB patients co-infected with HIV, although the number of TB cases who either refused testing or were not tested is unknown. In 1997, 22% of newly diagnosed TB patients were HIV infected; this is similar to the prevalence of 26.5% recorded at the Infectious Disease Hospital, Nairobi, 1997 (8), but lower than the 60% in Zambia in 1990 (9). There has been a statistically significant increase (p=0.011) in the number of patients with extrapulmonary TB, as a proportion of all TB cases.…”

Diagnosis of Smear-Negative Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Low-Income Countries: Current Evidence in Sub-Saharan Africa with Special Focus on HIV Infection or AIDS

“…Initial impressions were that HIV infection in subSaharan Africa was associated with a large and predominant increase in smear-negative PT [Harries, 1990]. It is apparent from cross-sectional studies, however, that the majority of HIV-positive PT patients are smear positive, although the proportion of smear-negative patients is greater among those infected with HIV than among those who are HIV-negative [Elliott et al, 1990;Nunn et al, 1992]. Since the advent of HIV, the annual incidence of TB has more than doubled in some African countries Wilkinson and Davies, 1997], and there has been a disproportionate increase in the reported rate of smearnegative disease.…”