Impact of Hybrid Water Supply on the Centralised Water System

Sitzenfrei, Robert; Zischg, Jonatan; Sitzmann, Markus; Bach, Peter M.

doi:10.3390/w9110855

Cited by 22 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…For this purpose, a new chlorine measurement programme was carried out at 11 points in the supply network. Once the model was validated, water quality analysis was carried out for a prolonged period based on the chlorine component [ 39 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling of residual chlorine in a drinking water network in times of pandemic of the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)

García-Ávila

Avilés-Añazco

Ordoñez-Jara

et al. 2021

Sustain Environ Res

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Due to the outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease there is a need for public water supply of the highest quality. Adequate levels of chlorine allow immediate elimination of harmful bacteria and viruses and provide a protective residual throughout the drinking water distribution network (DWDN). Therefore, a residual chlorine decay model was developed to predict chlorine levels in a real drinking water distribution network. The model allowed determining human exposure to drinking water with a deficit of residual chlorine, considering that it is currently necessary for the population to have clean water to combat coronavirus Covid 19. The chlorine bulk decay rates (kb) and the reaction constant of chlorine with the pipe wall (kw) were experimentally determined. Average kb and kw values of 3.7 d− 1 and 0.066 m d− 1 were obtained, respectively. The values of kb and kw were used in EPANET to simulate the chlorine concentrations in a DWDN. The residual chlorine concentrations simulated by the properly calibrated and validated model were notably close to the actual concentrations measured at different points of the DWDN. The results showed that maintaining a chlorine concentration of 0.87 mg L− 1 in the distribution tank, the residual chlorine values in the nodes complied with the Ecuadorian standard (0.3 mg L− 1); meanwhile, about 45% of the nodes did not comply with what is recommended by the WHO as a mechanism to combat the current pandemic (0.5 mg L− 1). This study demonstrated that residual chlorine modeling is a valuable tool for monitoring water quality in the distribution network, allowing to control residual chlorine levels in this pandemic season.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling of residual chlorine in a drinking water network in times of pandemic of the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)

García-Ávila

Avilés-Añazco

Ordoñez-Jara

et al. 2021

Sustain Environ Res

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“…Water loss reduction is a main challenge in WDN operation and management, saving valuable resources and providing additional flow capacities [ 35 ]. Furthermore, the water demand fraction, which is supplied via the central distribution system, depends on the degree of decentral supply (e.g., rainwater harvesting) or the provision of sufficient fire flow [ 36 ]. In this work we investigate possible future developments of the city’s total water demand by a scenario analysis, where the base demand is multiplied by time dependent factors [ 37 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphogenesis of Urban Water Distribution Networks: A Spatiotemporal Planning Approach for Cost-Efficient and Reliable Supply

Zischg

Rauch

Sitzenfrei

2018

Entropy

Self Cite

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Cities and their infrastructure networks are always in motion and permanently changing in structure and function. This paper presents a methodology for automatically creating future water distribution networks (WDNs) that are stressed step-by-step by disconnection and connection of WDN parts. The associated effects of demand shifting and flow rearrangements are simulated and assessed with hydraulic performances. With the methodology, it is possible to test various planning and adaptation options of the future WDN, where the unknown (future) network is approximated via the co-located and known (future) road network, and hence different topological characteristics (branched vs. strongly looped layout) can be investigated. The reliability of the planning options is evaluated with the flow entropy, a measure based on Shannon’s informational entropy. Uncertainties regarding future water consumption and water loss management are included in a scenario analysis. To avoid insufficient water supply to customers during the transition process from an initial to a final WDN state, an adaptation concept is proposed where critical WDN components are replaced over time. Finally, the method is applied to the drastic urban transition of Kiruna, Sweden. Results show that without adaptation measures severe performance drops will occur after the WDN state 2023, mainly caused by the disconnection of WDN parts. However, with low adaptation efforts that consider 2–3% pipe replacement, sufficient pressure performances are achieved. Furthermore, by using an entropy-cost comparison, the best planning options are determined.

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“…The developed methods of reliability assessment concerning the point of view of consumer's needs [6,7] are helpful in determining the quality service standards of supplied water to the consumers. In fact, a challenge for science and technology is clearly posed by the centralisation of water-production and related services, the mass consumption of tap water, and consumer expectations for that water [8]. Water supply operators should maintain the services at high operational level, with full respect of safety and availability standards in regard to its cleanliness, healthiness, and taste water; and indeed all the more so in the face of extraordinary events of an undesirable nature, as well as the…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The development of a warning system would allow a plant to be shut down for a period through which obtainment of an acceptable level of water quality specified for emergency conditions is precluded. And the solution here thus requires that frequencies and durations of periods of non-compliance be determined [8,39]. This is possible on the basis of reliability theory, which provides for study of the random phenomena that cause periodic reductions in the amount or quality of water [40].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

An Approach to Determine Risk Indices for Drinking Water–Study Investigation

Rak

Pietrucha-Urbanik

2019

Sustainability

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In accordance with the water quality standard, the safe functioning of the water treatment system operation is considered. This paper alludes to extreme situations, which arise where there is periodic deterioration of the quality of raw water, for which the technological process of water treatment is not prepared. A conception method is presented by which to assess indices of risk vis-à-vis drinking water, on the basis of a probability estimation methodology. The categorisation of water pipes in line with quality-reliability as regards the physical and chemical composition of drinking water or water intended for business purposes is proposed. An example of the method being put to use is also offered, and it is recognised how the approach being proposed could be the basis for further analysis that takes different conditions of functioning of water-supply systems into account.Sustainability 2019, 11, 3189 2 of 12 unprecedented terrorist threat [9]. According to these requirements, the assessment of diversification degree of water supply for human consumption from independent sources should be performed. Such possibility provides the Shannon Wiener index, which allows for objective comparison between water supply systems with different final water production [10]. Other methods for estimating the risk of failure are based on the assumptions of classical matrix methods while information from the system operation is inaccurate, as proposed in [11,12]. Also, an important issue constitutes an analysis of failure scenarios framework in order to determine the probability of the threat occurrence by implementation of the Fault Tree Analysis or the Preliminary Hazard Analysis Method, which are helpful for failure analysis in a decision-making process and preventive strategies [13,14]. Conclusions arising out of the history of particular failures entailing the large-scale contamination of tap water in urban agglomerations offer a perfect guide as to how risk management of an active nature needs to be engaged in [9].This leaves it vital that risk-reduction procedures be pursued, and decision-support tools devised, on the basis of analyses and risk assessments that accompany the functioning of a WSS, also in compliance with guidelines vis-à-vis risk and crisis management where the security of the supply of drinking water is concerned [15,16], with account also taken of the principles of sustainable development. The paradigm becomes the argument, as we wish to live-and to drink safe water-in conditions of peace and certainty, in the belief that there is no risk or effective protection against it [17]. Meanwhile, the specialist scientific literature puts a clear emphasis on the view that quantitative risk analysis and assessment methods of water supply system failure form the basis upon which to manage security of a WSS [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29], in the context of belonging to critical infrastructure [30].Natural waters are very rarely of a composition allowing their safe use as drinking water. Almost alwa...

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Impact of Hybrid Water Supply on the Centralised Water System

Cited by 22 publications

References 30 publications

Modeling of residual chlorine in a drinking water network in times of pandemic of the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)

Modeling of residual chlorine in a drinking water network in times of pandemic of the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)

Morphogenesis of Urban Water Distribution Networks: A Spatiotemporal Planning Approach for Cost-Efficient and Reliable Supply

An Approach to Determine Risk Indices for Drinking Water–Study Investigation

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