Impact of Hygiene Intervention Practices on Microbial Load in Raw Milk

Lee, Hai; Loong, Shih Keng; Khoo, Jing Jing; Lim, Fang Lee; Chai, Lay Ching; Suntharalingam, Chubashini; Sivalingam, Jeyabalan; AbuBakar, Sazaly

doi:10.22207/jpam.11.3.07

Cited by 3 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Even though other dairy-spoilage Corynebacterium species have been found in raw milk [3], this is the description of the first C. lipophiloflavum milk isolate. It was doubtful that C. lipophiloflavum was derived from the environment since the sanitization protocols have been proven to be effective in reducing bacterial counts [4]. This bacterium first described from a woman with bacterial vaginosis [7], could probably resist the high hydrogen peroxide concentration environment of the vagina, akin to C. aurimucosum [5], and, hence, could possibly be part of the cow's vaginal flora too.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Foremilk specimen was collected directly from the teat after discarding the first milk. All milk specimens were collected from mastitis-free cows and inoculated onto the respective Petrifilm™ (Escherichia coli and coliform, yeast and mold, total aerobic count, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterobacteriaceae) (3M Corporation, St. Paul, MN, United States) and enumerated [4]. Colonies on the films were then plated onto nutrient agar and incubated under aerobic conditions at 37°C for 24-48 h.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The decrease in milk quality can be attributed to the presence of microorganisms and problems [3]. Improvement in farm hygiene practices has been demonstrated to reduce bacterial count and mold in raw milk [4], elevating milk quality by 2.4 times reduction of risk exposure to milk pathogens and its potential toxins. Members of the genus Corynebacterium include species that occasionally cause infection in humans and some species having been recovered solely from animals, the environment, food, water, and synthetic materials [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microbiological analysis of raw milk unveiled the presence of a dairy contaminant, Corynebacterium lipophiloflavum

2019

Jabb

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Dairy farming occupied a distinct position in agriculture since milk can be harvested every day, providing a regular source of income to the farmers. Development of the Malaysian dairy farming industry was marred by poor farm hygiene practices, leading to the proliferation of dairy-spoilage bacteria, affecting milk quality. In this study, we report the isolation and characterization of a rare Corynebacterium species from raw milk after the implementation of improved farm hygiene practices. All milking equipment, farm worker's hands and the cow's udders and teats were washed with detergent and wiped dry with clean towels before milk sample collection. Collected foremilk samples from mastitis-free cows were inoculated onto Petrifilm™ and cultured colonies were plated onto nutrient agar. Biochemical and molecular tests were performed for the identification of peculiar bacterial isolates. A unique yellow-pigmented bacteria isolate was recovered from the milk of a healthy cow after the adoption of improved farm hygiene practices. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization confirmed the milk isolate as Corynebacterium lipophiloflavum. This is the first description of C. lipophiloflavum in cow's milk and could possibly imply the influence of bovine flora in dairy contamination. The findings highlight the increasing spectrum of Corynebacterium species with potential adverse impact to the dairy industry. It is recommended to screen for C. lipophiloflavum in all milk processing facility to ensure that milk is safe for consumption and its products prepared to the highest quality and safety standards.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microbiological analysis of raw milk unveiled the presence of a dairy contaminant, Corynebacterium lipophiloflavum

2019

Jabb

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“…Others were cattle (1/9) and goats (1/9). Unlike interventions focused on resistance genes, there was a larger emphasis on feed/ water additives (4/9) (Hao et al, 2013;Rubio-Garcıá et al, 2015;Wanninger et al, 2016;Kannan et al, 2019), on cessation of antimicrobials (1/9) (Chinwe et al, 2014), and biosecurity/ sanitation (3/9) (Bahrndorff et al, 2013;Luyckx et al, 2015;Lee et al, 2017;Kannan et al, 2019) (Figure 5). Two examples of feed and drink additives used in the interventions were dietary brown seaweed used to reduce rumen E.coli in goats (Kannan et al, 2019) and an allostatic modulator in drinking water and feed withdrawal from broilers to reduce coliforms (Rubio-Garcıá et al, 2015).…”

Section: Reduction In Bacterial Strainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sanitation of the broiler houses with commercial products containing sodium hydroxide resulted in 86% reduction in the number of E. coli-positive swabs (1-3% difference depending on soaking and water temperature) (Luyckx et al, 2015). The second intervention investigated the reduction in bacterial strains in fresh milk samples of cattle in Malaysia (Lee et al, 2017). The intervention was education of farmers on udder and machine sanitation and resulted in a 40% log reduction of Staphylococcus aureus in fresh milk samples (Lee et al, 2017).…”

Section: Reduction In Bacterial Strainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial resistance interventions in the animal sector: scoping review

Jacobsen,

Ogden,

Ekiri

2023

Front. Antibiot.

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Animals are considered key contributors to the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). However, little is known about the existing AMR interventions in the animal sector. This scoping review examines the existing evidence on AMR interventions aimed at livestock, animal health professionals (AHPs), and farmers, while reviewing their impact, limitations, gaps, and lessons for future use. The scoping review was conducted following guidelines from the PRISMA-ScR checklist. The databases, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and international organisations’ websites (WHO, FAO, WOAH) were searched for articles reporting interventions targeting livestock, farmers, and AHPs. Interventions were categorised based on seven pre-defined primary measures including: change in antimicrobial use (AMU) practices; change in the uptake of antimicrobial stewardship (AMS); change in development of AMR; change in knowledge of appropriate AMU practices, AMR, and AMS; change in attitudes and perceptions concerning AMU, AMR, and AMS; and surveillance strategies. In total, ninety three sources were included: 66 studies, 20 reports, and 7 webpages. The reviewed interventions focused mostly on AMU practices (22/90), AMS uptake (8/90), and reduction of bacterial or resistant strains (30/90). Changes in knowledge (14/90) and attitude (1/90) were less frequently assessed and were often implicit. Most interventions were conducted within a select country (83/90) and 7/90 were at a global level. Only 19% (16/83) of interventions were implemented in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and most were at herd level with many self-reporting changes. Most of the interventions that focused on surveillance strategies (30/83) were implemented in high-income countries (62/83). Only one study investigated the financial implications of the intervention. The study findings provide an overview of existing AMR interventions and insights into the gaps which can be addressed to guide future interventions and research. A focus on developing, implementing and evaluating interventions in LMICs coupled with the use of objective outcome measures (e.g., measurable outcomes vs. self-reporting) will improve our understanding of the impact of interventions in these settings. Finally, assessing the financial benefits of interventions is necessary to inform feasibility and to encourage uptake of interventions aimed at reducing AMR in the animal health sector.

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