Impact of Immunizations on the Disease Burden of American Indian and Alaska Native Children

Singleton, Rosalyn; Holve, Steve; Groom, Amy V.; McMahon, Brian J.; Santosham, M; Brenneman, George; O’Brien, Katherine L.

doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.44

Cited by 26 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Prior to and following the introduction of Hib conjugate vaccines, a higher incidence of Hib was observed among Aboriginal populations worldwide, as compared to the general population. However, mixed evidence as to the role of genetic (15, 16) or environmental (17, 18) factors requires further investigation. Additionally, the median age in the ICS region is much lower than the rest of Canada; 9% of the population is less than 5 years of age compared to 6% for all of Canada (19).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The epidemiology of invasive disease due toHaemophilus influenzaeserotype a in the Canadian North from 2000 to 2010

Rotondo

Sherrard

Helferty

et al. 2013

International Journal of Circumpolar Health

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IntroductionThe International Circumpolar Surveillance (ICS) project is a population-based surveillance network. Since 2000, Canada has participated in the ICS Invasive Bacterial Disease Working Group's surveillance of invasive disease due to Haemophilus influenzae (Hi).MethodsA standardized case report form containing demographic and clinical information was completed for all reported Hi cases in the study regions. Isolates were sent to a reference laboratory for confirmation and serotyping. Analysis was conducted on all Hi serotype a (Hia) cases reported from 2000 to 2010. The northern Canadian population was estimated using Statistics Canada information.ResultsOf the 130 Hi cases reported from 2000 to 2010, 72 (56% of cases with serotype information) were due to Hia. The number of Hia cases reported each year ranged from 2 in 2008 to 13 in 2010. The average Hia incidence over the 11 years was 4.6 cases per 100,000 population per year. The majority of Hia occurred in infants less than 2 years of age (73% of cases). This age group had an average annual incidence of 87.5 cases per 100,000 population. Among cases for which ethnicity was indicated, 91% of Hia cases reported Aboriginal status with the average incidence being 6.9 cases per 100,000 population per year. The most common clinical presentation was meningitis (reported in 37% of cases), followed by bacteraemia (34%) and pneumonia (27%). More than 90% of cases were hospitalized, and there were 4 deaths, resulting in a case fatality ratio of 5.6%.ConclusionIn the last decade, Hia has become an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the Canadian North. More detailed surveillance information from a national perspective is needed. Further work on vaccine development should be encouraged.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The epidemiology of invasive disease due toHaemophilus influenzaeserotype a in the Canadian North from 2000 to 2010

Rotondo

Sherrard

Helferty

et al. 2013

International Journal of Circumpolar Health

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“…In 2002 to 2004, Murphy et al estimated that hospitalizations among Native American and Alaskan infants far exceeded those found among the general U.S. infant population (101 per 100,000 versus 68 per 100,000). A number of important factors may explain the higher pertussis burden found in Native Americans, including lower immunization rates than in other populations, the absence of a medical home, and suboptimal living (e.g., household crowding) and socioeconomic conditions that favor pertussis transmission (212)(213)(214).…”

Section: Burden Of Pertussis In Infants and Toddlersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pertussis: Microbiology, Disease, Treatment, and Prevention

et al. 2016

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SUMMARYPertussis is a severe respiratory infection caused byBordetella pertussis, and in 2008, pertussis was associated with an estimated 16 million cases and 195,000 deaths globally. Sizeable outbreaks of pertussis have been reported over the past 5 years, and disease reemergence has been the focus of international attention to develop a deeper understanding of pathogen virulence and genetic evolution ofB. pertussisstrains. During the past 20 years, the scientific community has recognized pertussis among adults as well as infants and children. Increased recognition that older children and adolescents are at risk for disease and may transmitB. pertussisto younger siblings has underscored the need to better understand the role of innate, humoral, and cell-mediated immunity, including the role of waning immunity. Although recognition of adult pertussis has increased in tandem with a better understanding ofB. pertussispathogenesis, pertussis in neonates and adults can manifest with atypical clinical presentations. Such disease patterns make pertussis recognition difficult and lead to delays in treatment. Ongoing research using newer tools for molecular analysis holds promise for improved understanding of pertussis epidemiology, bacterial pathogenesis, bioinformatics, and immunology. Together, these advances provide a foundation for the development of new-generation diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines.

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“…Shown in Table 2 are listed some of the major infections found with increased frequency (relative to their nonaboriginal counterparts) among aboriginal populations living in Canada, Greenland, and Alaska. Higher rates of respiratory infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b, Streptococcus pneumoniae , and Bordetella pertussis have been noted among Alaska natives [14], and other invasive bacterial infections among the Inuit in Greenland [15]. With increasing vaccine coverage for H. influenzae type b, a new serotype, H. influenzae type a, has emerged among children less than 2 years of age among Alaskan natives and the Inuit in Canada [16].…”

Section: Arctic Infectious Diseases and Other Health Disparitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neglected Infections of Poverty among the Indigenous Peoples of the Arctic

Hotez

2010

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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Impact of Immunizations on the Disease Burden of American Indian and Alaska Native Children

Cited by 26 publications

References 57 publications

The epidemiology of invasive disease due toHaemophilus influenzaeserotype a in the Canadian North from 2000 to 2010

The epidemiology of invasive disease due toHaemophilus influenzaeserotype a in the Canadian North from 2000 to 2010

Pertussis: Microbiology, Disease, Treatment, and Prevention

Neglected Infections of Poverty among the Indigenous Peoples of the Arctic

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