Impact of increasing water temperature on growth, photosynthetic efficiency, nutrient consumption, and potential toxicity of Amphidinium cf. carterae and Coolia monotis (Dinoflagellata)

Abstract

Resumen.-A nivel mundial, el aumento de la temperatura en ecosistemas marinos podría beneficiar la formación de florecimientos algales nocivos. Sin embargo, la comprensión de la influencia del aumento de la temperatura sobre el crecimiento de poblaciones nocivas de dinoflagelados bentónicos es prácticamente inexistente. Se investigó el impacto del aumento de la temperatura entre 5 y 30°C en dos cepas de dinoflagelados bentónicos aislados del Fleet Lagoon, Dorset, sur de Inglaterra, y su toxicidad potencial fue determinada a través de dos tipos de bioensayos (mortalidad del copépodo Tigriopus californicus y actividad hemolítica en eritrocitos de pollo). Las cepas crecieron en monocultivos en medio f/2 (agua de mar enriquecida), suministradas con irradiancias de 35 a 70 µmol m -2 s -1 bajo un fotoperiodo de 12:12 h (luz/oscuridad). La abundancia, la eficiencia fotoquímica máxima del fotosistema PSII (Fv/Fm), el consumo de nutrientes (N-NO 3 +N-NO 2 y P-PO 4 ) y las tasas de crecimiento se determinaron a temperaturas entre 5 y 30°C en monocultivos de Amphidinium cf. carterae y Coolia monotis. El aumento de temperatura causó tasas de crecimiento mayores en las dos cepas examinadas. Temperaturas elevadas (25-30°C) se asociaron con el óptimo crecimiento de A. cf. carterae, mientras que la máxima tasa de crecimiento en C. monotis se registró entre 15 y 25°C. Las tasas de crecimiento de A. cf. carterae fueron significativamente mayores a las registradas en C. monotis. El declive de Fv/Fm se asoció con condiciones deficientes de crecimiento para ambas especies. La máxima Fv/Fm no se registró asociada a la temperatura de óptimo crecimiento en ambas especies. La mortalidad del copépodo y el efecto lítico en eritrocitos confirmaron la producción potencial de compuestos nocivos en ambas especies de dinoflagelados. Palabras clave: Amphidinium carterae, Coolia monotis, tasa de crecimiento, temperatura, toxicidadAbstract.-The effect of global warming on marine ecosystems may benefit the formation of harmful algal blooms. However, our understanding of the effect of higher water temperatures on the growth of harmful benthic dinoflagellates in the environment is practically unknown. The effect of increasing water temperatures from 5 to 30°C on the growth of two strains of benthic dinoflagellates (Amphidinium cf. carterae and Coolia monotis) isolated from the Fleet Lagoon, Dorset, south of England, was investigated, and their potential toxicity was assessed using two types of bioassays (mortality of the copepod Tigriopus californicus and haemolytic activity of chicken red blood cells). Benthic dinoflagellate strains were grown in f/2 medium at irradiances of 35-70 µmol m -2 s -1 and under a 12h L:12h D photoperiod. Cell abundance, maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), nutrient consumption (N-NO 3 + N-NO 2 and P-PO 4 ), and growth rates were determined in dinoflagellate cultures at growth temperatures between 5 and 30°C. Increasing water temperatures caused increased growth rates of the species. Elevated temperatures (25-...

The Effect of Various Salinities and Light Intensities on the Growth Performance of Five Locally Isolated Microalgae [<em>Amphidinium carterae</em>, <em>Nephroselmis</em> sp., <em>Tetraselmis</em> sp. (var. red pappas),<em> Asteromonas gracilis</em> and <em>Dunaliella</em> sp.] in Laboratory Batch Cultures

“…), but also the various temperatures used either much higher than ours (e.g. 25-30 o C, [26]) or similar (~20 o C) to ours [17,24], the addition of CO2 [25] and a puzzling combination of them and others when looked upon trying to decipher the existed topic for the optimum conditions. We found far better growth in the cultures of A. carterae in high light intensity (8000 lux) compared to low light (2000 lux) and this occurred in all salinities tested.…”

“…The interest for culture of this species and in general of the dinoflagellates is based on their capacity to produce bioactive metabolites (amphidinolides and amphidinols) and possibly biofuels although there are concerns about their ability to withstand shear stress caused by turbulence in photobioreactors [20][21][22][23]. From the existed limited data concerning the effects of light and salinity on its culture growth no solid conclusions can be drawn as either the used vessels were extremely different ranging from minute 25 mL [24] to small (200 mL, [25]), to medium (1L, [26]), to Photobioreactors [17]), or the methods applied in calculation of specific growth rate were not fully clarified. Only the optimum salinity for the best growth can be indirectly set with certainty at a value of less than 35 ppt which was the case in our study and was documented [24] for another relative species (Amphidinium klebsii).…”

Use of Antibiotics for Maintenance of Axenic Cultures of Amphidinium carterae for the Analysis of Translation

“…Scanning electron microscope images of A. carterae , such as those reported in Aquino-Cruz and Okolodkov [ 47 ] and Murray et al [ 5 ] show the cell surface of A. carterae to have small, rounded structures of less than 100 nm on the cell surface that provide an extensive surface area ( Figure 1 ). This is covered by an adhesive cell-surface coat, referred to as glycocalyx or “sticky fuzz”, a dynamic and complex surface matrix made up of oligosaccharides covalently bound to proteins and lipids of the plasma membrane [ 48 , 49 ].…”

Hemolytic Activity in Relation to the Photosynthetic System in Chattonella marina and Chattonella ovata

“…The maximum quantum yield (F v /F m ) is an essential indicator of algal cell health status. Changes in F v /F m have been observed when algae are exposed to endogenous or exogenous stressors, such as light [52,70,71], temperature [71], salinity [72], iron and algistat addition [73][74][75][76]. A significant decline in F v /F m of C. marina and C. ovata was shown in the present study under high light (Figure 3), in the dark (Figure 7), under iron depleted conditions (Figure 9) and the presence of PSII inhibitors (Figure 11), suggesting inactivation of PSII reaction center (RC) complexes and disruption of the electron transport chain [77,78].…”