Impact of Infections During Pregnancy on Transplacental Antibody Transfer

Abstract

Vaccination in pregnancy is important to protect the mother and fetus from infectious diseases. The transfer of maternal antibodies across the placenta during pregnancy can continue to protect the neonate for several months after birth while the neonatal adaptive immune system develops. Several pathogens have been shown to impair the transplacental transfer of maternal antibodies, including human immunodeficiency virus, malaria, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, and cytomegalovirus. This review discusses the mechanisms contributing to decreased transplacental antibody transfer in the setting of maternal infections, such as changes in antibody glycosylation profile, maternal hypergammaglobulinemia, and placental injury. The frequency of epidemics is increasing, and pregnant people are more likely to become exposed to novel pathogens now than they were in the past. Understanding the mechanisms by which infectious diseases impair maternal–fetal antibody transfer is important for pandemic preparedness to maximize the impact of maternal vaccination for child health.