“…To date, many previous studies have shown that microbial adhesion onto abiotic surfaces can be influenced by multiple factors, such as the surface properties of microorganism and abiotic surfaces, including their surface free energy (SFE), ζ potential, hydrophobicity, roughness, and morphology, , the characteristics of the cultivating liquid medium, including its surface tension, pH, ionic strength, temperature and hydrodynamics, , and some biotic factors, including the properties of cell membrane, production of extracellular polymeric substances, the chemotaxis of cells, and the presence of pili and flagella. , Overall, it has been established that these factors can influence cell adhesion mainly by affecting the physicochemical interactions between cells and surfaces.…”