Impact of Kefir DerivedLactobacillus kefirion the Mucosal Immune Response and Gut Microbiota

Abstract

The evaluation of the impact of probiotics on host health could help to understand how they can be used in the prevention of diseases. On the basis of our previous studies and in vitro assays on PBMC and Caco-2 ccl20:luc reporter system presented in this work, the strain Lactobacillus kefiri CIDCA 8348 was selected and administrated to healthy Swiss mice daily for 21 days. The probiotic treatment increased IgA in feces and reduced expression of proinflammatory mediators in Peyer Patches and mesenteric lymph nodes, where it also increased IL-10. In ileum IL-10, CXCL-1 and mucin 6 genes were upregulated; meanwhile in colon mucin 4 was induced whereas IFN-γ, GM-CSF, and IL-1β genes were downregulated. Moreover, ileum and colon explants showed the anti-inflammatory effect of L. kefiri since the LPS-induced increment of IL-6 and GM-CSF levels in control mice was significantly attenuated in L. kefiri treated mice. Regarding fecal microbiota, DGGE profiles allowed differentiation of experimental groups in two separated clusters. Quantitative PCR analysis of different bacterial groups revealed only significant changes in Lactobacillus population. In conclusion, L. kefiri is a good candidate to be used in gut inflammatory disorders.

Dietary Fructose and Glucose: The Multifacetted Aspects of Their Metabolism and Implication for Human Health

“…Finally, when we analyzed Lactobacillus spp., we found a trend toward increase in CTR-Lk mice, similarly to the significant increase previously reported by our group [29]. It is worth to note that some of these results do not completely agree with Carasi et al (2015) [29], which could be mostly related to the difference in the length of L. kefiri treatment (3 weeks vs. 6 weeks). Overall, these changes in microbiota populations may explain in part the anti-inflammatory and metabolic improvements generated by L. kefiri in Lk-treated mice.…”

Effect of Kefir on Fusobacterium nucleatum Potentially Causing Intestinal Cancer

“…F. nucleatum is known to cause colon cancer by adhering to the colon epithelium and causing cell mutation. L. kefiri, L. kefiranofaciens and L. kefirgranum, which were proven by recent studies to have strong probiotic properties and positive health effects, are only present in kefir grains [14,15,16,17,18]. Moreover, the Saccharomyces and Kluyveromyces yeast strains unique to kefir grains also have important probiotic properties and antimicrobial effects that were observed in recent studies [19,20,21].…”

Mechanisms of Action of Kefir in Chronic Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases

“…Kefir grains are constituted by a complex microbial community containing species of lactic and acetic acid bacteria and yeasts, and they are used to obtain a fermented milk named kefir [9,34,35]. Recent microbiological analysis of kefir grains being consumed in our region (Grand Vitoria, Brazil) [36,37] showed a microflora formed by beneficial bacteria (e.g., Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens, Bifidobacterium) and yeasts (e.g., Candida kefir) which have been shown to preserve gut eubiosis and correct dysbiosis by adhering to gastrointestinal mucus [31,38]. These beneficial microbes then protect against the invasion of pathogenic microbes [7,39,40] and against the cytotoxic effects of pathogenic microbial toxins [41].…”

“…Kefir consumption results in transient changes in the levels of cytokines [92][93][94], TNFα and INFγ, in both in vivo [83,84] and in in vitro experiments [93]. Several studies with whole kefir, kefir fractions, or organisms isolated from kefir demonstrated that anti-inflammatory cytokines promote a Th2 response while simultaneously inhibiting the pro-inflammatory Th1 response [39,78,[92][93][94][95].…”