“…Secondly, research on motivating language has only been conducted in a small number of developed and developing countries, including the USA, Mexico, Japan, Kazakhstan and China (Kunie et al, 2017;Madlock and Clubbs, 2019;Madlock and Sexton, 2015;Mayfield et al, 1998;Sun et al, 2016;Usmanova et al, 2020). However, no such research was conducted in the Asian developing countries, for example, Bangladesh and Malaysia.…”