Impact of liquid layer thickness on the dynamics of nano- to sub-microsecond phenomena of nanosecond pulsed laser ablation in liquid

RE-irradiation of silver nanoparticles obtained by laser ablation in water and assessment of their antibacterial effect

“…The liquid layer thickness selection was made taking into account that this parameter is critical in the NPs formation process. Since the laser fluence in our case is moderate and the laser beam was scanning the substrate, 1mm-thickness layer of liquid above the target was enough to avoid the splash of water drops and to ensure the release of the ablated matter into the surrounding liquid [32].…”

Effects of Electrolyte on Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures with Picosecond Laser Pulses

“…Figure 2 and Figure 3 show the SEM images of 304 stainless steel irradiated at F = 0.04–0.27 J/cm 2 for N = 50–1000 pulses under air and water, respectively. These demonstrate that LIPSSs perpendicular to the laser polarization were fabricated on the irradiated surface under air and water; on the other hand, LIPSSs with lower periodicity were fabricated in water when the low laser fluence compared to LIPSSs fabricated under air since large ablation on the irradiated surface causes disappearance of LIPSSs due to suppression of plasma expansion by water [ 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 ]. Figure 4 and Figure 5 show the SEM images of 304 stainless steel irradiated at F = 0.04–0.08 J/cm 2 for N = 50–1000 pulses in 5 and 10 wt% NaCl solutions and 5 and 10 wt% NaNO 3 solutions, respectively.…”

“…The LIPSS height in solutions was 150–300 nm, which was lower than the LIPSS height of 300–500 nm under air [ 51 ]. This can be attributed to the attenuation of light in solutions decreasing the intensity of the plasma waves and the suppression of plasma expansion removing LIPSSs [ 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 ]. With the increase of the number of pulses and fluence, the height of LIPSSs increased gradually under air, water, NaCl solutions and NaNO3 solutions, however, the height of LIPSSs in Cu(NO 3 ) 2 solution and CuSO 4 solution was not proportional to the number of pulses since deposited copper particles which grew and were removed with the increasing number of pulses changed induction and propagation of the plasma waves.…”

“…Figure 11 shows the depth of craters on 304 stainless steel surfaces with N = 500 pulses at F = 0.04 J/cm 2 under air, water, 5 wt% NaCl solution, 5 wt% NaNO 3 solution, 5 wt% Cu(NO 3 ) 2 solution and 5 wt% CuSO 4 solution. The depth of craters in the solutions was larger than that under air since solutions suppressed the plasma expansion and induced large ablation [ 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 ]. In solutions, the depth of craters in NaCl solution was larger than that in other solutions due to low attenuation [ 25 ].…”

Rare-earths doped-nanoparticles prepared by pulsed laser ablation in liquids

“…The dynamics of nanosecond pulsed laser ablation in liquids (ns-PLAL) could be significantly altered in the immediate vicinity of a free boundary. When the liquid layer thickness approximates the plasma size that is induced in bulk-liquid ablation, part of the plasma plume is formed outside the liquid [48]. The authors concluded that the liquid layer should be thicker than the plasma plume size to ensure laser-induced stresses which are useful for formation of the particles [48].…”