Impact of Local Structure in Supported CaO Catalysts for Soft-Oxidant-Assisted Methane Coupling Assessed through Ca K-Edge X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy

Abstract

Soft-oxidant-assisted methane coupling has emerged as a promising pathway to upgrade methane from natural gas sources to high-value commodity chemicals, such as ethylene, at selectivities higher than those associated with oxidative (O 2 ) methane coupling (OCM). To date, few studies have reported investigations into the electronic structure and the microscopic physical structure of catalytic active sites present in the binary metal oxide catalyst systems that are known to be effective for this reaction. Correlating the catalyst activity to specific active site structures and electronic properties is an essential aspect of catalyst design. Here, we used X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the Ca K-edge to ascertain the most probable local environment of Ca in the ZnO-supported Ca oxide catalysts. These catalysts are shown here to be active for N 2 O-assisted methane coupling (N 2 O-OCM) and have previously been reported to be active for CO 2 -assisted methane coupling (CO 2 -OCM). X-ray absorption near edge structure features at multiple Ca loadings are interpreted through simulated spectra derived from ab initio full multiple scattering calculations. These simulations included consideration of CaO structures organized in multiple spatial arrangements�linear, planar, and cubic�with separate analyses of Ca atoms in the surfaces and bulk of the threedimensional structures. The morphology of the oxide clusters was found to influence the various regions of the X-ray absorption spectrum differently. Experiment and theory show that for low-Ca-loading catalysts (≤1 mol %), which contain sites particularly active for methane coupling, Ca primarily exists in an oxidized state that is consistent with the coordination environment of Ca ions in one-and two-dimensional clusters. In addition to their unique nanoscale structures, the spectra also indicate that these clusters have varying degrees of undercoordinated surface Ca atoms that could further influence their catalytic activities. The local Ca structure was correlated to methane coupling activity from N 2 O-OCM and previously reported CO 2 -OCM reactor studies. This study provides a unique perspective on the relationship between the catalyst physical and electronic structure and active sites for soft-oxidant-assisted methane coupling, which can be used to inform future catalyst development.