Impact of long COVID on health-related quality-of-life: an OpenSAFELY population cohort study using patient-reported outcome measures (OpenPROMPT)

Carlile, Oliver; Briggs, Andrew; Henderson, Alasdair D.; Butler-Cole, Ben F.C.; Tazare, John; Tomlinson, Laurie A.; Marks, Michael; Jit, Mark; Lin, Liang-Yu; Bates, Chris; Parry, John; Bacon, Sebastian C.J.; Dillingham, Iain; Dennison, William A.; Costello, Ruth E.; Walker, Alex J.; Hulme, William; Goldacre, Ben; Mehrkar, Amir; MacKenna, Brian; Walker, Alex; Green, Amelia; Mehrkar, Amir; Schaffer, Andrea; Brown, Andrew; Goldacre, Ben; Butler-Cole, Ben; MacKenna, Brian; Morton, Caroline; Walters, Caroline; Stables, Catherine; Cunningham, Christine; Wood, Christopher; Andrews, Colm; Evans, David; Hickman, George; Curtis, Helen; Drysdale, Henry; Dillingham, Iain; Morley, Jessica; Massey, Jon; Nab, Linda; Hopcroft, Lisa; Fisher, Louis; Bridges, Lucy; Wiedemann, Milan; DeVito, Nicholas; Macdonald, Orla; Inglesby, Peter; Smith, Rebecca; Croker, Richard; Park, Robin; Higgins, Rose; Bacon, Sebastian; Davy, Simon; Maude, Steven; O'Dwyer, Thomas; Ward, Tom; Speed, Victoria; Hulme, William; Hart, Liam; Stokes, Pete; Bhaskaran, Krishnan; Costello, Ruth; Cowling, Thomas; Douglas, Ian; Eggo, Rosalind; Evans, Stephen; Forbes, Harriet; Grieve, Richard; Grint, Daniel; Herrett, Emily; Langan, Sinead; Mahalingasivam, Viyaasan; Mansfield, Kathryn; Mathur, Rohini; McDonald, Helen; Parker, Edward; Rentsch, Christopher; Schultze, Anna; Smeeth, Liam; Tazare, John; Tomlinson, Laurie; Walker, Jemma; Williamson, Elizabeth; Wing, Kevin; Wong, Angel; Zheng, Bang; Bates, Christopher; Cockburn, Jonathan; Parry, John; Hester, Frank; Harper, Sam; O'Hanlon, Shaun; Eavis, Alex; Jarvis, Richard; Avramov, Dima; Griffiths, Paul; Fowles, Aaron; Parkes, Nasreen; Perera, Rafael; Harrison, David; Khunti, Kamlesh; Sterne, Jonathan; Quint, Jennifer; Herrett, Emily; Eggo, Rosalind M.

doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2024.100908

Cited by 9 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…In a large cohort study, significant effects of Long COVID on the quality of life have been identified Fatigue emerges as one of the predominant complaints, particularly impacting HRQoL. The reporting of higher levels of fatigue has been associated with an increase in HRQoL loss and after adjustment for fatigue, the reported loss in HRQoL due to longterm COVID appeared to decrease [5]. Psychological distress during the acute and subacute phases of viral infection emerges as a robust risk factor for prolonged fatigue.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatigue in long-COVID; frequency, severity and impact on quality of life

Ocak,

Şahin

2024

Troia Med J

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Objective: The aim of our study was to investigate the frequency, severity, and impact on quality of life related to fatigue during the prolonged period of COVID-19. Methods: The cross-sectional study consists of data of 266 participants aged 18 and above, all with confirmed diagnoses of COVID-19. Participants' fatigue severity was assessed using the Modified Fa-tigue Impact Scale (mFIS) and their quality of life using the Nothingham Health Profile (NHP). Results: Of the 266 participants, 60 reported no fatigue complaints, 132 experienced fatigue during the acute illness that subsequently resolved and 74 (33.6%) noted persistent fatigue beyond the acute ill-ness period. Participants with fatigue exhibited significantly lower quality of life scores compared to those without, particularly affecting the NHP Pain, Physical Activity, and Energy subscales. The NHP scores positively correlate with mFIS scores. Conclusion: This study revealed that fatigue, which continues during the long-COVID period, impairs the quality of life in relation to its severity. Fatigue was notably associated with a reduced quality of life, particularly evident in the energy sub-dimension. These findings underscore the importance of add-ressing and managing post-COVID fatigue for improved overall well-being.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatigue in long-COVID; frequency, severity and impact on quality of life

Ocak,

Şahin

2024

Troia Med J

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“…The persistent symptoms of long COVID affect quality of life [ 3 ], and patients seek care for their symptoms [ 4 – 6 ]. Evidence from the UK and other countries has demonstrated an increase in healthcare use and costs in groups with long COVID [ 7 – 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Healthcare utilisation in people with long COVID: an OpenSAFELY cohort study

Lin,

Henderson,

Carlile

et al. 2024

BMC Med

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Background Long COVID potentially increases healthcare utilisation and costs. However, its impact on the NHS remains to be determined. Methods This study aims to assess the healthcare utilisation of individuals with long COVID. With the approval of NHS England, we conducted a matched cohort study using primary and secondary care data via OpenSAFELY, a platform for analysing anonymous electronic health records. The long COVID exposure group, defined by diagnostic codes, was matched with five comparators without long COVID between Nov 2020 and Jan 2023. We compared their total healthcare utilisation from GP consultations, prescriptions, hospital admissions, A&E visits, and outpatient appointments. Healthcare utilisation and costs were evaluated using a two-part model adjusting for covariates. Using a difference-in-difference model, we also compared healthcare utilisation after long COVID with pre-pandemic records. Results We identified 52,988 individuals with a long COVID diagnosis, matched to 264,867 comparators without a diagnosis. In the 12 months post-diagnosis, there was strong evidence that those with long COVID were more likely to use healthcare resources (OR: 8.29, 95% CI: 7.74–8.87), and have 49% more healthcare utilisation (RR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.48–1.51). Our model estimated that the long COVID group had 30 healthcare visits per year (predicted mean: 29.23, 95% CI: 28.58–29.92), compared to 16 in the comparator group (predicted mean visits: 16.04, 95% CI: 15.73–16.36). Individuals with long COVID were more likely to have non-zero healthcare expenditures (OR = 7.66, 95% CI = 7.20–8.15), with costs being 44% higher than the comparator group (cost ratio = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.39–1.50). The long COVID group costs approximately £2500 per person per year (predicted mean cost: £2562.50, 95% CI: £2335.60–£2819.22), and the comparator group costs £1500 (predicted mean cost: £1527.43, 95% CI: £1404.33–1664.45). Historically, individuals with long COVID utilised healthcare resources more frequently, but their average healthcare utilisation increased more after being diagnosed with long COVID, compared to the comparator group. Conclusions Long COVID increases healthcare utilisation and costs. Public health policies should allocate more resources towards preventing, treating, and supporting individuals with long COVID.

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Wearable Devices Enable Long COVID Patients to Decrease Symptom Severity: A Case Series From Pilot User Testing

Goosen,

Foster-Bonds,

Vogel

2024

Cardiopulm Phys Ther J

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Purpose: Long COVID is a debilitating condition that is estimated to affect over 65M individuals across the world after a Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and has no broadly effective treatments. People with Long COVID have reported that pacing helps manage their symptoms, but it is difficult to implement. Based on experiences in the Long COVID community, we hypothesized that wearable devices can help individuals pace and reduce their Long COVID symptom severity. Methods: To inform the design of a larger study, we performed user testing by distributing Garmin® devices, the study surveys and pacing educational materials to 11 individuals with Long COVID, and conducting interviews to learn about their experience. Results: Eight of the 9 (89%) individuals reported that the information provided was helpful for their symptom management, and 2 testers did not complete the final survey. Four (44%) users had not used a wearable device before and none had trouble setting up their device. Due to the limited sample size and lack of control group, generalizability is unknown. Conclusions: The most user testers reported that the study materials were helpful for their symptom management. These results are a promising indication of the potential for wearable devices and educational materials to help individuals with Long COVID, and potentially other chronic conditions such as myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), decrease symptom severity.

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Impact of long COVID on health-related quality-of-life: an OpenSAFELY population cohort study using patient-reported outcome measures (OpenPROMPT)

Cited by 9 publications

References 38 publications

Fatigue in long-COVID; frequency, severity and impact on quality of life

Fatigue in long-COVID; frequency, severity and impact on quality of life

Healthcare utilisation in people with long COVID: an OpenSAFELY cohort study

Wearable Devices Enable Long COVID Patients to Decrease Symptom Severity: A Case Series From Pilot User Testing

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