Impact of materials technology on the breeding blanket design – Recent progress and case studies in materials technology

Rieth, M.; Dürrschnabel, Michael; Bonk, Simon; Pintsuk, G.; Aiello, G.; Henry, J.; Carlan, Y. de; Ghidersa, Bradut-Eugen; Neuberger, Heiko; Rey, J.; Zeile, Christian; Wispelaere, N. De; Simondon, E.; Hoffmann, J.

doi:10.1016/j.fusengdes.2021.112275

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…The surface area, which received the electron beam heating, has an obvious change in its color (see the blue-black square contours) as seen in Figure 18. However, besides this change in color, the material analysis conducted afterwards did not find any significant changes in the material structure, as reported in [3].…”

Section: Results For the Ods Mock-upsupporting

confidence: 62%

“…More details about the design and manufacture of the FG and ODS mock-ups are reported in references [3,4], respectively.…”

Section: Mock-ups and Experimental Set-up Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Given the difference in the thermal expansion coefficient between the two materials, the experimental demonstration of the good adhesion and stability of such a coating under high heat flux loading is required. To evaluate experimentally the behavior of an ODS first wall under high heat loadings as well as the qualification of the tungsten coating procedures, two FW mock-ups have been manufactured and tested in the Helium Loop Karlsruhe (HELOKA) at KIT: (i) an FW mock-up with 3 mm ODS plate joined to Eurofer97 plate by diffusion welding [3], and (ii) an FW mock-up with Functionally Graded Tungsten/Eurofer97 coating (about 1.4 mm) by vacuum plasma spraying [4]. Both mock-ups have cooling channels of shapes and sizes used for the design of the DEMO blanket and have been subject to high heat flux cyclic loading while being cooled by helium at blanket relevant operating conditions of 8 MPa and 300 • C (mock-up inlet conditions).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental Investigation of EU-DEMO Breeding Blanket First Wall Mock-Ups in Support of the Manufacturing and Material Development Programmes

et al. 2021

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This paper presents the testing campaign of the two First Wall mock-ups in the HELOKA facility, one mock-up having a 3 mm thick Oxide Dispersion Strengthened (ODS) steel layer on its surface and the other featuring a tungsten functionally graded cover. Special consideration is given to the diagnostics used for these tests, in particular, the measurement of the surface temperature of the tungsten functionally graded layer with an infrared camera. Additionally, the paper looks into the uncertainty associated with the calorimetric evaluation of the applied heating power for these experiments.

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Section: Results For the Ods Mock-upsupporting

confidence: 62%

“…More details about the design and manufacture of the FG and ODS mock-ups are reported in references [3,4], respectively.…”

Section: Mock-ups and Experimental Set-up Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental Investigation of EU-DEMO Breeding Blanket First Wall Mock-Ups in Support of the Manufacturing and Material Development Programmes

et al. 2021

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“…Finally, the welds were examined by liquid penetration as well as by ultra-sonic testing. More details can be found in [27]. Both revealed no cracks or leaks.…”

Section: Test Environment and Instrumentationmentioning

confidence: 88%

Fabrication routes for advanced first wall design alternatives

et al. 2021

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In future nuclear fusion reactors, plasma facing components have to sustain specific neutron damage. While the majority of irradiation data provides a relatively clear picture of the displacement damage, the effect of helium transmutation is not yet explored in detail. Nevertheless, available results from simulation experiments indicate that 9%-chromium steels will reach their operating limit as soon as the growing helium bubbles extent a critical size. At that point, the material would most probably fail due to grain boundary embrittlement. In this contribution, we present a strategy for the mitigation of the before-mentioned problem using the following facts. (1) The neutron dose and related transmutation rate decreases quickly inside the first wall of the breeding blankets, that is, only a plasma-near area is extremely loaded. (2) Nanostructured oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steels may have an enormous trapping effect on helium, which would suppress the formation of large helium bubbles for a much longer period. (3) Compared to conventional steels, ODS steels also provide improved irradiation tensile ductility and creep strength. Therefore, a design, based on the fabrication of the plasma facing and highly neutron and heat loaded parts of blankets by an ODS steel, while using EUROFER97 for everything else, would extend the operating time and enable a higher heat flux. Consequently, we (i) developed and produced 14%Cr ferritic ODS steel plates and (ii) optimized and demonstrated a scalable industrial production route. (iii) We fabricated a mock-up with five cooling channels and a plated first wall of ODS steel, using the same production processes as for a real component. (iv) Finally, we performed high heat flux tests in the Helium Loop Karlsruhe, applying a few hundred short and a few 2 h long pulses, in which the operating temperature limit for EUROFER97 (i.e. 550 • C) was finally exceeded by 100 K. (v) Thereafter, microstructure and defect analyses did not reveal critical defects or recognizable damage. Only a heat affected zone in the EUROFER/ODS steel interface could

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“…These properties make ODS steels excellent candidates for fuel cladding tubes in Sodium Fast Reactors (SFRs) or structural materials in fusion reactors. Indeed, these components could undergo irradiation damage up to 200 dpa and operate in a temperature range of 400–800 °C [ 8 , 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Ferritic ODS Steels Obtained by Laser Additive Manufacturing

et al. 2023

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This study aims to assess the potential of Laser Additive Manufacturing (LAM) for the elaboration of Ferritic/Martensitic ODS steels. These materials are usually manufactured by mechanical alloying of powders followed by hot consolidation in a solid state. Two Fe-14Cr-1W ODS powders are considered for this study. The first powder was obtained by mechanical alloying, and the second was through soft mixing of an atomized Fe-14Cr steel powder with yttria nanoparticles. They are representative of the different types of powders that can be used for LAM. The results obtained with the Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) process are compared to a non-ODS powder and to a conventional ODS material obtained by Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP). The microstructural and mechanical characterizations show that it is possible to obtain nano-oxides in the material, but their density remains low compared to HIP ODS steels, regardless of the initial powders considered. The ODS obtained by LAM have mechanical properties which remain modest compared to conventional ODS. The current study demonstrated that it is very difficult to obtain F/M ODS grades with the expected characteristics by using LAM processes. Indeed, even if significant progress has been made, the powder melting stage strongly limits, for the moment, the possibility of obtaining fine and dense precipitation of nano-oxides in these steels.

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Impact of materials technology on the breeding blanket design – Recent progress and case studies in materials technology

Cited by 10 publications

References 41 publications

Experimental Investigation of EU-DEMO Breeding Blanket First Wall Mock-Ups in Support of the Manufacturing and Material Development Programmes

Experimental Investigation of EU-DEMO Breeding Blanket First Wall Mock-Ups in Support of the Manufacturing and Material Development Programmes

Fabrication routes for advanced first wall design alternatives

Assessment of Ferritic ODS Steels Obtained by Laser Additive Manufacturing

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